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A Novel Low-Power Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Design Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2026-06-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Suksaibul, Pichai
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
This study introduces an innovative mixed-mode universal biquad filter implemented using multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). Based on the advantage of OTAs, which possess multiple inputs, the proposed mixed-mode universal filter using MI-OTAs can implement both non-inverting and inverting standard filtering functions such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filters in voltage-mode, transadmittance-mode, current-mode, and transimpedance-mode, which is the maximum capability of mixed-mode universal filters. The natural frequency of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled. Based on the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MOST) technique, the OTA can also operate at very low supply voltage and provide wide-input voltage swing. The technique of MOST, operating in the weak inversion region, is used to achieve the low-power consumption of OTA. The MI-OTA circuit and mixed-mode universal filter were designed and simulated using Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing TSMC’s 65-nm CMOS technology. At a 0.5 V supply voltage, the filter demonstrated a simulated power consumption of 450 nW at a natural frequency of 156 Hz. In these ranges of power consumption and natural frequency, it can be expected that the proposed filter can be built as an versatile integrated circuit for low-frequency applications such as bio-signal processing. The design parameters were successfully validated through both post-layout extractions and discrete hardware prototyping utilizing commercially available LM13700N ICs.
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An Ultralow-Power 0.5-V MI-OTA-Based Universal Filter for Efficient Low-Frequency Signal Processing
(2026-01-01)
Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Lerkvaranyu, Somkiat
This work introduces novel universal filters implemented using multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The MI-OTA is specifically designed for a minimal 0.5-V supply, achieving nano-watt level power dissipation, which positions the design as highly viable for demanding ultralow-power systems. The architecture employs a subthreshold, multiple-input, bulk-driven MOS configuration. This design not only extends the operational input voltage range but concurrently ensures minimal voltage and power consumption. The primary filter topology utilizes five MI-OTAs and two grounded capacitors to concurrently deliver all five standard filtering responses—low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filter—from a single, fixed circuit structure. By integrating a sixth MI-OTA, the architecture becomes reconfigurable for operation in both voltage-mode (VM) and transimpedance-mode (TIM). This versatility yields both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions for all five fundamental responses, resulting in a total of 20 distinct output functions. This multifunctionality and power efficiency make the proposed designs exceptionally well-suited for low-frequency applications, such as bio-signal processing and sophisticated sensor interfacing circuits. Furthermore, a key feature is that the filter's natural frequency is electronically tunable across all responses. The MI-OTA was designed and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing the TSMC 65-nm (1P9M) CMOS process. The device occupies a modest silicon footprint of 125 μm × 92 μm. Simulation results confirm a power dissipation of 150 nW at a 177-Hz cutoff frequency under the 0.5-V supply. Post-layout simulations verified the expected circuit performance. Finally, experimental validation was conducted using a discrete-component MI-OTA-based circuit built with the LM13700, thereby confirming the filter's correct operation.
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A 328 nW, 0.45 V Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application in a Current-Mode Universal Filter
(2025-04-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Vavra, Jiri
This paper presents a low-voltage, low-power current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) utilizing the bulk-driven MOS transistor technique in the subthreshold region for reduced voltage and power consumption. The proposed CDTA includes a z-copy terminal, which enhances its functionality in current-mode circuit applications. Designed in the Cadence Virtuoso environment using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), the amplifier operates with a supply voltage of 0.45 V and consumes 328 nW of power, with a bias current set to 10 nA. The current bandwidth and offset of the CDTA are 35 kHz and 0.3 nA, respectively. To demonstrate its performance, the CDTA is applied in a current-mode universal filter, which can realize low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses within a single topology. This design eliminates issues related to inverting input signals, input signal matching, or the need for multiple input signals. Additionally, the natural frequency of these filtering functions can be electronically controlled. The low-pass filter achieves a dynamic range of 61 dB, with a total harmonic distortion of 0.8%.
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Low-Voltage Current-Mode Analog Filter Using Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a new low-voltage, low-power current-mode active filter with three inputs and seven outputs. The design is implemented using three current differencing transconductance amplifiers (CDTAs) and two grounded capacitors. The proposed current-mode filter can realize both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions for low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filters within a single topology. It features low input impedance, high output impedance, and eliminates issues related to inverting inputs, multiple input signals, and input matching conditions. The natural frequency of the filters can be electronically controlled. The bulk-driven MOS transistor technique is employed in the CDTA to enable operation at low supply voltages, with transistors operating in the subthreshold region to achieve low power consumption. This version of the CDTA also incorporates a z-copy terminal, which enhances its versatility for current-mode circuit applications. Simulations conducted in Cadence Virtuoso using 0.18 μm CMOS technology from TSMC validate the effectiveness of the proposed filter and CDTA. The filter operates with a supply voltage of 0.45 V, consumes 1.039 μW of power, achieves a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1% with a 14 nA amplitude input sine wave signal, and provides a dynamic range of 65.9 dB. The Monte Carlo analysis, along with process, temperature, and voltage corner analyses, confirms the robustness of the design.
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0.3-V 36-nW Voltage-Mode First-Order Filter Based on Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifier
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Khateb, Fabian
This paper presents an electronically tunable, voltage-mode first-order filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The filter circuit consists of two MI-OTAs and a single capacitor. It is demonstrated that a single topology can realize first-order low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filters using MI-OTA-based designs. These filter responses are achieved without the need for component matching, input matching, or inverting input signals. The pole frequency of all filter responses can be electronically tuned by adjusting the transconductance of the OTA. The MI-OTA operates at 0.3 V with a rail-to-rail input voltage range, thanks to the use of bulk-driven MOS transistors operating in the subthreshold region and the multiple-input MOS transistor technique. This results in a simple CMOS structure with low supply voltage and reduced power consumption. The circuit was designed and evaluated in Cadence Virtuoso using UMC’s 130-nm 1P8M CMOS process. The proposed filter demonstrates improved performance in terms of lower supply voltage and reduced power consumption compared to previous works. It achieves a dynamic range of 52 dB while consuming only 36 nW of power, with a bias current setting of 10 nA.
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A 42.5 nW, 0.5 V Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application in Low-Power Universal Shadow Filter
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
This paper presents new low-power universal shadow filters based on an enhanced CMOS structure utilizing multiple-input differential difference current transconductance amplifiers (MI-DDTAs). The multiple inputs of the DDTA are achieved through a differential pair with multiple-input MOS transistors driven simultaneously from both the gate and bulk terminals using DTMOS technique, which increases the total transconductance of the structure. Furthermore, a self-cascode configuration combining regular and low-threshold voltage (LVT) transistors is employed to achieve high output resistance comparable to a standard cascode structure, while maintaining operation in a low-voltage environment. The DDTA operates in the subthreshold region, and simulation results with a supply voltage of 0.5 V show power consumption in the nanowatt range while offering near rail-to-rail operation. The proposed universal filter offers five standard filtering functions such as low-pass filter, high-pass filter, band-pass filter, band-stop filter, and all-pass filter when an input is applied to the input. Thanks to multiple inputs of DDTA, the proposed universal filter is resistor less and it offers both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of five standard filtering functions. The natural frequency and the quality factor can be electronically controlled by internal parameters. The proposed universal filter can be transferred to work as universal shadow filter, which can control the natural frequency and the quantity factor using external parameters. The proposed shadow filter provides both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of five standard filtering functions, thus providing 10 filter responses from a single circuit. The natural frequency and the quality factor of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled using external amplifiers. The proposed DDTA and active filters were designed and simulated using the Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment, based on TSMC’s 65-nm 1P9M CMOS technology. The MI-DDTA occupies a chip area of 171 µm × 119 µm.
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0.5 V, Low-Power Bulk-Driven Current Differencing Transconductance Amplifier
(2024-11-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a novel low-power low-voltage current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA). To achieve a low-voltage low-power CDTA, the BD-MOST (bulk-driven MOS transistor) technique operating in a subthreshold region is used. The proposed CDTA is designed in 0.18 µm CMOS technology, can operate with a supply voltage of 0.5 V, and consumes 1.05 μW of power. The proposed CDTA is used to realize a current-mode universal filter. The filter can realize five standard transfer functions of low-pass, band-pass, high-pass and band-stop, and all-pass from the same circuit. Neither component-matching conditions nor input signals of the inverse type are required to realize these filter functions. The current-mode filter offers low-input and high-output impedance and uses grounded capacitors. The natural frequency and quality factor of the filters can be orthogonally controlled. The proposed CDTA and its applications are simulated using SPICE to confirm the feasibility and functionality of the new circuits.
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1-V Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Using Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifiers
(2024-10-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a mixed-mode universal filter using differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifiers (DDCCTA). Despite using a minimum number of MOS differential pairs, the proposed DDCCTA is a multiple-input, multiple-output device, that was achieved using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, multiple-output current followers and transconductance gains. A subthreshold technique is used to achieve minimum power consumption of the DDCCTA. Thanks to the multiple-input and multiple-output of DDCCTA, the mixed-mode universal filter based on the proposed element can realize five standard filter responses, i.e., low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, of four modes, i.e., voltage-mode, current-mode, transadmittance-mode, and transimpedance-mode, thus providing 194 filter responses from a single circuit. The natural frequency and quality factor of the filter response can be controlled electronically and orthogonally. The proposed DDCCTA and mixed-mode universal filter are simulated and designed using 0.18 μm CMOS technology to confirm the functionality of the new circuit. The mixed-mode universal filter uses ±0.5 V of supply voltage and consumes 0.374 mW of power when operating at a natural frequency of 10 kHz.
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Low-Voltage Low-Power Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application to a Versatile Analog Filter
(2024-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a new low-voltage low-power differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA). The proposed DDCCTA utilizes a multiple-input gate-driven MOS transistor (MIGD-MOST) operating in the subthreshold region to achieve low supply voltage, minimum number of MOS differential pairs and minimum power consumption. To show the advantages of the proposed DDCCTA, it was used to realize a versatile analog filter. The filter uses three DDCCTAs, two grounded capacitors, and two grounded resistors to realize 65 transfer functions of low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filters by appropriately selecting the input and output terminals without changing the filter topology. The filter also has the advantages of high-input impedance, which is ideal for voltage-mode circuits, independent control of the natural frequency and quality factor, and the ability to electronically tune the natural frequency. The proposed DDCCTA and versatile analog filter were designed and simulated using SPICE with TSMC 0.18μ m CMOS technology to verify the new circuits. The proposed filter uses ±0.5 V of supply voltage and 103μ W of power.
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0.5-V Mixed-Mode Universal Active Filter Using Multiple-Input OTAs
(2024-01-01)
Phatsornsiri, Punnavich
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Kumngern, Montree
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Nonthaputha, Thanat
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Asa, Ekachai
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Singsathien, Jateslid
This study introduces new 0.5 V, ultra-low power mixed-mode universal analog filter applying multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The filter configuration based on MI-OTAs and two grounded capacitors to actualize a mixed-mode universal filter that can produce four modes second-order filters, that is low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters, namely voltage-mode, current-mode, transimpedance mode, transconductance-mode, by appropriate selecting input signals. The filter's natural frequency can be electronically controlled. The mixed-mode filter was analyzed using CMOS 0.18μm process simulation from TSMC, operating with a 0.5 V power supply.

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