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Chaetomium: Goldmine for Sustainable Agriculture
(2026-01-01)
Soytong, Kasem
;
Song, Jiaojiao
Chaetomium species are saprophytic fungi that are valuable resources for sustainable agriculture. It is found all over the world because it is durable and survives in living organisms in different climates. Chaetomium species are mostly ascomycete saprophytic fungi that survive well under stressful environmental conditions. This area has become one of the gold mines for sustainable agricultural production to maintain a balanced ecological system. The specific, potent isolates of Chaetomium were found to protect economic plants through disease, insect, and nematode control and to strongly produce cellulase to degrade organic materials in the fermentation process to increase soil nutrient fertility. All the discovered strains are recommended for acute and dermal toxicity, screening for agrochemical resistance and durability in different climates, including acidic or alkaline conditions, and growing in a wide range of temperature regimes. Research has revealed that Chaetomium species can be developed as biological fungicides, biological insecticides, biological nematicides, and natural active metabolites for plant disease control as well as biosensors for soil revitalization. These bioproducts can be used for sustainable agricultural development and maintain biological diversity in surrounding environments. Research on microbial products of Chaetomium species and other fungi for plant disease control has been conducted since 1989. After several years, 22 effective strains of Chaetomium were discovered and patented as broad-spectrum microbial fungicides, noted as Patent No. 6266, International Code: AO 1 N 25/12, and then registered as Ketomium® microbial fungicides in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam and as microbial fertilizers in P. R. China. Chaetomium as a microbial fungicide and microbial fertilizer can be applied in combination with integrated pest management (IPM). It has been shown to have pathogen and disease suppressive, curative, and protective effects to control plant diseases. It is strongly recommended to prove acute and dermal toxicity, agrochemical resistance screening, acidity or alkaline conditions, and temperature regimes before developing microbial fungicides and microbial fertilizers. Chaetomium spp. are distributed worldwide and survive well under stress conditions. It serves as a natural goldmine for sustainability to maintain and revitalize the environment and preserve the natural and ecological balance in nature. Chaetomium species are broad habitats in soil, water, and endophytes with various biological properties of antagonists of phytopathogens, some insects, plant parasitic nematodes, and human pathogens, as well as the production of active metabolites, enzymes, etc.
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Streptomyces sp. Mitigates Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses and Stimulates Plant Development
(2026-01-01)
Haggag, Wafaa Mohamed
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Gopikrishnan, Venugopal
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Soytong, Kasem
The increasing need of the population for food in limited agricultural land makes it necessary to increase crop production in an environmentally friendly manner. Approximately 20–40% of economic losses in agriculture are attributed to plant pathogens, which include biotic stressors such as fungal and bacterial infections, pests, weeds, and other agents that cause a variety of crop disorders. Abiotic stressors, such as high temperatures, drought, metal poisoning, and soil salinity, are severe constraints on crop productivity. Despite their high effectiveness and ease of use, agrochemicals pose a threat to the environment. A microbial consortium exists in the root zone, and this consortium of microorganisms can resist the impacts of biotic and environmental stresses on plants, resulting in sustainable agricultural productivity. To achieve sustainable crop productivity, rhizosphere and plant periphyton engineering, the best technology for enhancing crop production, requires the identification of a variety of microorganisms with different potentials. Beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria reside close to plant roots and increase plant development. The gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces sp., often known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, can increase plant development and resistance to adverse climatic conditions. Streptomyces sp. is renowned for its ability to produce a wide range of antimicrobials, as well as a large number of secondary and physiologically active metabolites. These metabolites are necessary for plants to withstand environmental stresses and can also function as biological pesticides by triggering plant defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion. Furthermore, they have a strong ability to increase plant development. To reduce the negative effects of biotic and environmental pressures, as well as climate change, this study proposes novel applications of beneficial Streptomyces and their active second-generation metabolites in agriculture.
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Sustainable Utilization of Chicken Eggshell Waste for Adsorptive Removal of Congo Red Dye from Wastewater
(2026-01-01)
Leelahakarnjana, Kanyakorn
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Triyaprasertporn, Rawisara
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Clowutimon, Weerawat
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
This study investigates the adsorptive removal of Congo red dye from wastewater using raw chicken eggshell, CaO derived from calcined eggshell, and commercial CaO as adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine equilibrium time and analyze adsorption isotherms. Characterization of the materials using XRD, XRF, FT-IR, FT-Raman, and BET confirmed that the calcination process effectively transforms CaCO<inf>3</inf> in the raw eggshell into CaO, significantly increasing surface area and pore volume. These improvements enhance the material’s adsorption performance. The adsorption of Congo red reached equilibrium within 90 min for all adsorbents. Among the tested materials, CaO from eggshell exhibited adsorption capacity comparable to that of commercial CaO, while raw eggshell showed lower performance due to limited surface properties and basicity. Adsorption isotherm data for all adsorbents were better fitted with the Langmuir model, indicating a monolayer physical adsorption process. Overall, the results demonstrate that chicken eggshell waste, when thermally treated, is a promising and sustainable adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.
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Innovation in Microbial Biotechnology for Organic Agriculture
(2026-01-01)
Soytong, Kasem
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Song, Jiaojiao
Organic agriculture has expanded in many countries to encourage the consumption of safe food for human health and to rejuvenate agroecosystems in the surrounding environment. Agricultural inputs for organic agriculture must be based on scientific investigations, as bioproducts can be substituted for agrochemicals, leading to modern organic agriculture. Microbial biotechnology in agriculture has attracted increasing attention as an important strategy for developmental sustainability. The innovation of this research is the identification of new effective microbes for microbial fermentation, plant growth promotion, disease control, insect protection, and weed control, including integrated management, which can contribute to modern organic agriculture toward sustainable development goals (SDGs). Agricultural inputs for organic agriculture are key for crop and animal productivity and can be used as substitutes for agrochemicals, resulting in equal yields in terms of quality and quantity. Modern organic agriculture has been proposed as an improvement over traditional organic agriculture. Organic certification is required for organic products and foods to ensure that they are free from toxic agrochemicals and harmful human pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, and that they contain low levels of nitrates and heavy metals. Based on scientific findings, the use of agricultural inputs such as microbial decomposers, microbial fertilizers, microbial fungicides, microbial insecticides, and microbes for heavy metal remediation is proposed to support successful organic production of vegetables, fruits, and other crops in compliance with organic certification standards.
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Microbial Nanotechnology in Agricultural Applications
(2026-01-01)
Song, Jiaojiao
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Soytong, Kasem
Nanotechnology has been developed for plant disease management, and many kinds of organic nanoparticles have been developed to induce the immunity of plants, such as plant vaccines. Natural products from Chaetomium lucknowense, Chaetomium brasiliense, Chaetomium cochliodes, Chaetomium cupreum, Chaetomium elatum, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetomium siamense, Emericella nidulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma hamatum are reported to have antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens. In particular, Ch. siamense is a newly discovered and endophytic Chaetomium spp. that produces active metabolites. These active metabolites from Chaetomium spp., E. nidulans, T. harzianum, and T. hamatum are constructed as nanofibers for inducing plant disease immunity through phytoalexin production as nanoplant vaccines. The nanofibers are used as elicitors for the induction of immunity in plants that induce phytoalexin biosynthesis, for example, scopoletin and anthocyanidin against Phytophthora or Pythium rot and scoparone against Phytophthora or Pythium rot, capsidiol in chili against anthracnose, alpha-tomatine in tomato against Fusarium wilt, and sakuranetin and oryzalexin in rice plants against blast. The natural product nanoelicitors derived from Chaetomium spp., Emericella spp., and Trichoderma spp. help reduce disease incidence in plants.
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Predicting the Risk of Ultimate Low Ratings in Online Courses Using Machine Learning: Analyzing Engagement and Complexity for AI-Driven Early Instructional Communication Interventions
(2026-01-01)
Kraishan, Obada
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Jitkajornwanich, Kulsawasd
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Vijaranakul, Nattadet
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Kee, Kerk
Online asynchronous courses have become a common way of learning, especially after the COVID-19 epidemic. Despite their convenience and flexibility, these courses often suffer from low engagement and/or poor course quality, ultimately reflected by a low rating. A low rating is often noted at the end of a course, by when it is often too late to intervene or improve the course. The goal of this study is twofold. First, we aim to identify key factors influencing the ultimate ratings for online asynchronous courses. Second, we then build an AI model to predict the risk of ultimate low ratings before a course is fully completed. Inspired by Moore’s model of interaction, which includes two main factors: learner-content and learner-instructor interactions, we derived two features from the dataset: course complexity and course engagement. We used a dataset of 191,849 Udemy courses collected from May 2024 to August 2024. To predict the ultimate low ratings in advance so mid-course interventions are possible, we applied machine learning models, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost. In our experiments, the XGBoost model achieved the highest performance with 71% accuracy, with course complexity and the number of reviews left by learners being the two most influential factors in predicting a low course rating. Constantly monitoring course complexity and the number of course reviews can help with early detection. The findings can provide valuable, actionable insights and guidance for online education platforms, especially for instructors to adjust their courses before the courses are complete.
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Chemical etching of glass substrates
(2026-01-01)
Van Toan, Nguyen
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Toda, Masaya
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Xue, Gaopeng
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Gobpant, Jakrit
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Sakulkalavek, Aparporn
MEMS and microfluidics represent the forefront of technological innovation, spearheading a transformative era in precision control over fluids and mechanical components at scales that were once unimaginable. These groundbreaking technologies have transcended conventional boundaries and are now at the heart of numerous applications [1-3], spanning a wide spectrum of industries. From pioneering advancements in advanced medical diagnostics, where the manipulation of minute biological samples is essential, to the intricate networks that facilitate seamless telecommunications [4, 5], MEMS and microfluidics have become indispensable tools, exemplifying unparalleled efficiency, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. The ability to navigate and manipulate the microscopic and nanoscopic realms with precision opens new frontiers, promising advancements that not only redefine our technological landscape but also significantly impact the way we approach challenges across diverse sectors.
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Zombies, Zombified Thai Ravenous Spirits, and Thai Buddhism
(2026-01-01)
Uttama, Choedphong
The global cinematic zombie genre has led to interactions with diverse cultures, resulting in diverse context-dependent adaptations. Similarly, the introduction of zombies as new monsters into cultural environments where they were hitherto unknown has enabled horror cinema to explore issues or themes beyond those conventionally associated with the culture’s indigenous monsters. In the Thai context, horror cinema predominantly consists of ghost films where Buddhism carries significantly thematic weight. The incorporation of zombies—creatures inherent with religiously subversive power—into this context has led to some forms of fusion with local ghosts and encounters with Thai Buddhism. In contrast to Thai ghosts, whose existence upholds and validates Buddhist principals, zombies undermine them, rendering them useless or insignificant. Examined in this chapter are two Thai zombie films, E-san of the Dead (2022) and E-sarn Zombies (2023). Both fuse zombies with phi pop, a ravenous folkloric spirit, a fusion that relies on the shared characteristics between the two creatures. The zombies then challenge some key Buddhist principles, a challenge that becomes a means for Thai horror cinema to go beyond the conventional role of doctrinal validation associated with Thai ghosts.
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Innovative engineering strategies leveraging natural resources for sustainable development
(2026-01-01)
Permana, Ariva Sugandi
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Potipituk, Chantamon
This chapter explores the integral role of sustainable engineering in promoting sustainable development. The paper underscores the importance of using natural resources responsibly to mitigate environmental impact and enhance long-term resource availability. Key strategies for efficient resource utilization are highlighted, focusing on optimizing processes and implementing advanced technologies to reduce waste and increase energy efficiency. Sustainable engineering practices are examined, including life cycle assessment and eco-design, to evaluate and minimize the environmental impacts of engineering solutions. The study also delves into renewable energy technologies and the circular economy model, advocating for the recycling and reusing of materials to sustain natural resources. Innovative approaches such as biomimicry and green engineering are discussed, emphasizing how they can lead to sustainable product development. Through case studies and real-world examples, the paper illustrates successful implementations of these strategies, providing a roadmap for engineers and policymakers to contribute to a more sustainable future. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that sustainable engineering is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals and ensuring the judicious use of natural resources. The findings present a compelling argument for integrating sustainability into engineering practices to foster a more resilient and environmentally friendly global economy.
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Preparation of Vegetable Waste-Derived Paper Incorporated with Activated Carbon for Delay Mango Ripening and its Application
(2026-01-01)
Sriprom, Pongsert
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Thongkham, Phaewa
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Taweesukyingjaroen, Jurairat
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Somphan, Apiruk
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
In this study, the vegetable waste-derived paper was developed from vegetable waste-derived fiber and Mahachanok mango seed-derived activated carbon to extend the shelf life of Golden Nam Dok Mai mangoes. Vegetable waste was subjected to alkaline processing using sodium hydroxide to extract plant-based fibers, which were then formed into paper sheets. Activated carbon, derived from Mahachanok mango seeds by carbonization at 450°C and activated by potassium permanganate (KMnO4), was incorporated into the vegetable waste-derived paper to enhance ethylene adsorption efficiency. Three formulations of ripening delay paper were prepared: paper without activated carbon, paper containing 10 g of activated carbon, and paper containing 20 g of activated carbon. The physical properties of the papers were evaluated in terms of tensile strength and water drop absorption. The vegetable waste-derived paper incorporated with 20 g activated carbon showed the highest performance among the developed papers (1.20 ± 0.24 MPa and 0.74 seconds, respectively). Application tests on Golden Nam Dok Mai mangoes showed that the 10 g activated carbon formulation was the most effective in preserving flesh color, maintaining firmness, and balancing total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA), indicating a delayed ripening process. Therefore, ripening delay paper synthesized from vegetable fiber and supplemented with 10 g of activated carbon per 1 kg of fruit was proven to effectively prolong mango shelf life by up to 3 days, demonstrating its potential as a biodegradable solution for postharvest quality preservation.

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