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A Kirigami-Engineered “Skeletal Framework” Composite for Ultralow Hysteresis and Highly Stable Strain Sensors
(2025-11-24)
Pongampai, Satana
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Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
Wearable strain sensors are pivotal for next-generation human–machine interfaces, yet achieving high fidelity, robustness, and sustainability in a single platform remains a significant challenge. A primary obstacle is the inherent viscoelasticity of soft materials, which leads to signal drift and hysteresis. Here, we report a highly stretchable and ultrastable strain sensor fabricated through a synergistic integration of Kirigami-based structural engineering and nanocomposite material design. By introducing titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) into a bacterial cellulose (BC) matrix, we create a composite with a unique internal “skeletal framework”. This framework substantially reduces viscoelastic losses, resulting in an exceptionally low hysteresis of 0.6% and ensuring robust performance with 99.4% signal stability over >10 000 cycles. Concurrently, the Kirigami-patterned structure enhances stretchability to ∼235% while the framework amplifies sensitivity 5.8-fold. The practical viability of this high-fidelity sensor is demonstrated through the precise and repeatable control of a robotic arm, where ultralow hysteresis proves more critical than raw sensitivity. The sensor’s eco-friendly, water-based fabrication aligns high-fidelity sensing with sustainable processing, presenting a clear design paradigm for engineering reliable and eco-conscious wearable electronic devices.
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Asymmetric dot-patterned wettable and antibacterial wound dressings from bacterial cellulose–alginate composites coated with stearic acid-modified ZnO/chitosan/AgNPs
(2025-01-01)
Ieamviteevanich, Pimchanok
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Onklam, Panida
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Kampechdee, Wariya
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Churiwan, Achana
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
To improve the wound dressing characteristics of bacterial cellulose-based materials and address the issue of asymmetric wound dressing with one hydrophilic side and another hydrophobic side, this study developed a new concept for the fabrication of an asymmetric wettable and antibacterial wound dressing by selective drop coating of stearic acid-modified ZnO, chitosan, and AgNPs to form a dot pattern on both surfaces of a bacterial cellulose–alginate composite (BA-ZnS/Ch/Ag). The coated surface was hydrophobic, with a WCA of 150° due to the formation of a low surface energy zinc stearate (C<inf>17</inf>H<inf>35</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>Zn) monolayer on the ZnO particles and a high degree of hierarchical roughness. The asymmetric wettable BA-ZnS/Ch/Ag wound dressing maintained good water absorptivity (swelling rate 417%) and natural breathability (water vapor transmission rate 792 g.m−2 day−1) of the superhydrophilic bacterial cellulose-alginate composite that consisted of dense outer surfaces and porous inner layers and simultaneously possessed the superhydrophobic property of the coating area that can reduce the risk of infection from external fluids and improve the blood repellency and anti-adhesion properties. The BA-ZnS/Ch/Ag wound dressing showed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli and non-toxicity to human keratinocyte immortal cells (HaCaT), making it suitable for clinical applications.
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Effects of NaOH/urea solution as a solvent and salt crystals as a porogen on the fabrication of porous composite scaffold of bacterial cellulose-chitosan for tissue engineering
(2024-03-01)
Yodsanga, S.
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Poeaim, S.
A bacterial cellulose-chitosan composite scaffold fabricated through solvent casting-particular leaching method using NaOH/urea solution as a solvent and salt crystals as a porogen revealed a three-dimensional structure with the high porosity investigated by scanning electron microscope. The average porous size of the composite scaffold was between 300 and 500 um. The composite scaffold exhibited high water uptake, indicating to enhance water absorption capacity. The compressive test showed that the composite scaffold had good mechanical strength. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that bacterial cellulose and chitosan were found to be the main components of the composite scaffold. These results indicated that bacterial cellulose-chitosan composite scaffold could be used for application in tissue engineering.
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Enhancing small-scale acetification processes using adsorbed Acetobacter pasteurianus UMCC 2951 on κ-carrageenan-coated luffa sponge
(2024-01-01)
Sriphochanart, Wiramsri
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Krusong, Warawut
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Samuela, Nialmas
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Somboon, Pichayada
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
Background. This study explored the utilization of luffa sponge (LS) in enhancing acetification processes. LS is known for having high porosity and specific surface area, and can provide a novel means of supporting the growth of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to improve biomass yield and acetification rate, and thereby promote more efficient and sustainable vinegar production. Moreover, the promising potential of LS and luffa sponge coated with κ-carrageenan (LSK) means they may represent effective alternatives for the co-production of industrially valuable bioproducts, for example bacterial cellulose (BC) and acetic acid. Methods. LS and LSK were employed as adsorbents for Acetobacter pasteurianus UMCC 2951 in a submerged semi-continuous acetification process. Experiments were conducted under reciprocal shaking at 1 Hz and a temperature of 32 ◦C. The performance of the two systems (LS-AAB and LSK-AAB respectively) was evaluated based on cell dry weight (CDW), acetification rate, and BC biofilm formation. Results. The use of LS significantly increased the biomass yield during acetification, achieving a CDW of 3.34 mg/L versus the 0.91 mg/L obtained with planktonic cells. Coating LS with κ-carrageenan further enhanced yield, with a CDW of 4.45 mg/L. Acetification rates were also higher in the LSK-AAB system, reaching 3.33 ± 0.05 g/L d as opposed to 2.45 ± 0.05 g/L d for LS-AAB and 1.13 ± 0.05 g/L d for planktonic cells. Additionally, BC biofilm formation during the second operational cycle was more pronounced in the LSK-AAB system (37.0 ± 3.0 mg/L, as opposed to 25.0 ± 2.0 mg/L in LS-AAB). Conclusions. This study demonstrates that LS significantly improves the efficiency of the acetification process, particularly when enhanced with κ-carrageenan. The increased biomass yield, accelerated acetification, and enhanced BC biofilm formation highlight the potential of the LS-AAB system, and especially the LSK-AAB variant, in sustainable and effective vinegar production. These systems offer a promising approach for small-scale, semi-continuous acetification processes that aligns with eco-friendly practices and caters to specialized market needs. Finally, this innovative method facilitates the dual production of acetic acid and bacterial cellulose, with potential applications in biotechnological fields.
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Design and optimization of Miura-Origami-inspired structure for high-performance self-charging hybrid nanogenerator
(2023-12-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Hajra, Sugato
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Kim, Hoe Joon
A hybrid piezoelectric-triboelectric-electromagnetic nanogenerator (HPTENG-EMG) has been designed meticulously by focusing on material selection, structural design, and performance evaluation. The module can operate using three parts; piezoelectric, triboelectric and an electromagnetic mechanism. The hybrid concept of triboelectric and piezoelectric is achieved by fabricating triboelectric-piezoelectric composite materials working through the TENG mechanism. In the material design part, the composite film between bacterial cellulose (BC) and BaTiO<inf>3</inf> nanoparticles (BT-NPs) fabricates and optimizes its properties with a suitable number of BT-NPs. The unique Miura-Origami (MO) hexagonal multilayer shape is applied within the structural design to increase the contact surface area, which enhances the electrical output signal. The third part of the hybrid system incorporates an electromagnetic generator (EMG) by designing a structure of compact and lightweight cylindrical tubes with magnetic levitation structures. The hexagonal multilayer shape of MO composite TENG (MO-CTENG) generates an open-circuit output voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of ∼414 V and short-circuit output current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ∼48.3 μA with maximum output power (P) of about ∼6.94 mW. The highest I<inf>SC</inf> value of ∼38 mA can be promoted in the optimized EMG, which is higher than the MO-CTENG by ∼786 times. The practical application of this technology is demonstrated by human shaking motion for battery charging in the wireless Global Positioning System (GPS). The maximum direct current output voltage (V<inf>DC</inf>) saturation of 30 V can be achieved within 19 s. This work provides a potential methodology for increasing electrical output performance by capturing more mechanical energy through the conjunction of three phenomena into a single device, which exhibits a promising way of addressing an energy crisis.
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Towards the preparation of organic ferroelectric composites: fabrication of a gamma-glycine-bacterial cellulose composite via cold sintering process
(2023-07-01)
Noisak, Jitrawan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pongampai, Satana
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Pinpru, Nattapong
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
The cold sintering process (CSP) has emerged as a revolutionary technique for low-temperature processing of ceramics and composites, enabling high-density fabrication at low temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated the implementation of CSP in fabricating the γ-glycine (γ-G)-bacterial cellulose (BC) composite and evaluated the effect of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and electrical properties. Our findings revealed that an increase in sintering temperature and holding time leads to grain growth, as the transient solvent (water) facilitates the closely-packed microstructure. Moreover, the addition of BC as a filler into the γ-G matrix leads to a composite with a 10% increase in hardness when BC was uniformly distributed in γ-G. The composite with a relative density of 97% was successfully obtained at 120 °C/24 h, preserving the γ polymorph of glycine without the unwanted transformation commonly observed with traditional sintering. We also reported the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the γ-G-BC composite, exhibiting a remanent polarization of 0.004 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 1.201 kV/cm. Our findings suggest that CSP is a promising approach for low-temperature processing and fabrication of ceramics, especially when incorporating structurally sensitive filler such as organic ferroelectric, to achieve high-performance composites.
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Preparation of bacterial cellulose film from rotten fruits for mulching film application
(2022-01-01)
Pinpru, Nattapong
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Intasanta, Varol
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Khaisaat, Supharada
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Sawanakarn, Oubonwan
This research aims to reduce production capital costs and added value to natural products. The bio-mulching film was prepared by bacterial cellulose (BC) “Acetobacter xylinum”, extracted from three rotten fruits, grape, coconut, and pineapple under standard tests in the laboratory. The analysis from the FTIR technique confirmed to cellulose molecular vibration of BC films. XRD pattern was matched to structure crystallinity of JCPDS standard file which possessed a high percentage of crystallinity. The SEM micrographs were also revealed the 3D nanofiber network structure. The absorption capability of BC films could highly hold water in its structure. In addition, the mechanical properties of BC films came from rotten coconut, given the highest tensile strength (7.2 ± 1.1 MPa) according to nano-fiber symmetric with its dense structure. Nevertheless, the soil burial testing emphasized BC films could reduce soil temperature and increase moisture content in the soil as well. The biodegradation rate of BC films in 30 days was moderately fair. The BC film from rotten coconut had the slowest biodegradation rate (approximately 22.3 4.2%), applicable to biodegradable mulching film.
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Consecutive bacterial cellulose production by luffa sponge enmeshed with cellulose microfibrils of Acetobacter xylinum under continuous aeration
(2021-01-01)
Krusong, Warawut
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Pothimon, Ruttipron
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China, Salvatore La
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Thompson, Anthony Keith
The bacterial cellulose production (BCP) process, using cellulose microfibrils (CM) of Acetobacter xylinum enmeshed on luffa sponge matrices (LSM) as LSM-CM starter, has been successfully developed where the LSM-CM production process can be recycled through consecutive cycles in limited dissolved oxygen (DO) under continuous aeration. In this study, incremental aeration rates impacted the consecutive cycles. Gluconic acid production, during the process, resulting in the reduction of BCP, was increasingly generated at high aeration from 0.28 to 0.34% at 3 L/min to 0.83–0.97% and 1.52–1.99% at 6 and 9 L/min after 7 d culture at 30 ± 2 °C. To compensate for the negative impact of aeration, 0.10 and 0.15% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was found to create a microenvironment for recycled LSM-CM at both high aeration (6 and 9 L/min, respectively). Under nine consecutive BCP cycles, acceptable BC yields (from 5.54 ± 0.5 to 5.89 ± 0.5 g/L) were associated with high biomass at 6 L/min aeration. These results confirm that LSM-CM, combined with CMC called as LSM-CM-CMC, created microenvironments low in DO under high aeration rates and that the recycled LSM-CM-CMC with aeration is an alternative, sustainable, economic process that could be applied for mass BCP.
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Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose/chitosan films containing mangosteen pericarp extract for wound dressings
(2021-01-01)
Moonsungnoen, Pronpatsorn
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Ochaikul, Duangjai
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
Appropriate wound dressings for maintaining a moist wound environment, inducing re-epithelialization and protection from infection have been widely developed. Recently, many biocompatible polymers and bioactive substances have been extensively used for wound healing applications. In this study, bacterial cellulose film (BC-MPE film) and bacterial cellulose/chitosan film (BC/CH-MPE film) containing 1.56 mg/mL of mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) were prepared. Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, physical and mechanical properties of the dry films were investigated. The BC film with MPE presented non-cytotoxic effect after 20 h of exposure to mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). The prepared films performed carrier of bioactive compounds that exhibited antibacterial activity against bacterial infection in burn wounds. The morphology of the films showed the characteristic of ultra-fine network structures with the entrapment of compounds. In addition, the compact structure was observed due to the rapid moisture loss during vacuum drying process. SEM images also showed that BC/CH-MPE film formed layers with chitosan entrapment causing the film to become thicker than BC-MPE film. The formation of MPE and chitosan in modified films was also confirmed by FTIR. The compact structure of BC/CH-MPE film led to the decrease in cumulative release of xanthone, WVTR and WAC. Moreover, the existence of chitosan in BC layers provided more flexible properties than the non-chitosan film. The chitosan addition demonstrated an influence of barrier film to protect the wound. Therefore, BC and chitosan were considered as suitable candidates for wound dressing material and xanthone content of MPE promoted wound healing as an effective therapeutic agent.
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Synthesis and preparation of bacterial cellulose/calcium hydrogen phosphate composite film for mulching film application
(2021-01-01)
Pinpru, Nattapong
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Khaisaat, Supharada
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Sawanakarn, Oubonwan
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
This research aims to prepare mulching film from starting substrate of Acetobacter xylinum in bacterial cellulose (BC). BC was extracted from rotten coconut fruit. At the same time, CaHPO4 fertilizer was prepared from waste cockle shell. Both BC and CaHPO4 were analyzed by XRD and SEM for investigation of crystal structure and morphology. The results reveal well specific characterization of BC and CaHPO4. The BC and CaHPO4 composite film were further forming by solvent casting method. It was found that the increasing amount of CaHPO4 to 3 and 5%w/w were dramatically increased the percent of water absorption and rate of biodegradation, but it must sacrifice to mechanical properties. The morphology results were also disclosure that the higher amount of CaHPO4 (3 and 5 %w/w) composite film obviously caused phase separation that was correspondent to lower in mechanical properties. Thus, BC/1%CaHPO4 composite film was selected for mulching film because of good mechanical properties and gradually slow degradation.

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