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Design and techno-economic evaluation of a nanogrid system for a small-scale public railway station building in Thailand
(2025-12-01)
Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
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Songsukthawan, Panapong
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Bunjongjit, Sulee
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Sreewirote, Bancha
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Yoomak, Suntiti
In Thailand, numerous small-scale public facilities continue to rely on the electrical grid. The integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power offers a sustainable alternative; however, their inherent intermittency necessitates advanced solutions such as nanogrid systems, which enable localized energy generation, storage, and management to enhance reliability and autonomy. This study develops a nanogrid-based energy management system for Hua Takhe train station, Thailand, by integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Using HOMER Pro, multiple configurations were simulated and evaluated across key financial indicators, including Payback Period (PB), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return on Investment (ROI), Net Present Value (NPV), and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE). The analysis framework further incorporates economic feasibility evaluation, sensitivity and scenario analysis, and long-term performance and life cycle evaluation, thereby ensuring that both short-term financial viability and long-term sustainability are comprehensively assessed. Results show that PV-dominant nanogrid systems, particularly at larger scales, represent the most practical and cost-effective pathway for sustainable electrification of public facilities in Thailand. The 30PV Nanogrid achieves the most favorable balance between cost and performance, with a NPV of 23,925 USD, a LCOE of 0.04 USD/kWh, a PB of 7 years, an IRR of 13 %, and a ROI of 215 % under long-term life-cycle evaluation. In comparison, the 15PV Nanogrid proves economically marginal, with NPV falling to –9117 USD, PB extending beyond 20 years, IRR turning negative (–5 %), and ROI declining to –40 %, confirming that small-scale nanogrids cannot offset the costs of ESS and hybrid inverters.
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy for Energy Storage and Related Materials
(2025-01-01)
Ayawanna, Jiratchaya
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Chaiyaput, Salisa
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Kidkhunthod, Pinit
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Sittimart, Phongsapak
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Lakhonchai, Anthika
This chapter has provided the reader with fundamental knowledge of Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) techniques as well as applications on energy storage material and the latest progress in analytical chemistry. With the introduction of the progress in UV–Vis instrument application, this chapter not only presents the opportunity to improve conventional UV–Vis techniques but also announces a bright future for the UV–Vis spectrophotometer to measure more types of samples in practical works.
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Modified energy storage properties of lead-free Sr0.3Bi0.35Na0.335Li0.015TiO3 ceramics with La3+ substitution via the solid-state combustion technique
(2024-12-01)
Sinkruason, Thanapon
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Luangpangai, Anupong
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Julphunthong, Phongthorn
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Rittidech, Aurawan
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Suthapintu, Aekasit
In this study, the influence of La3+ substitution on the phase structure, microstructure, electrical and energy storage properties of (Sr<inf>0.3</inf>Bi<inf>0.35</inf>Na<inf>0.335</inf>Li<inf>0.015</inf>)<inf>1-x</inf>La<inf>x</inf>TiO<inf>3</inf> (SBNLT-xLa) ceramics with x = 0–0.05, using the solid-state combustion technique, was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated a pure perovskite structure formed, along with coexisting rhombohedral and tetragonal phases in all ceramics. The Rietveld refinement analysis showed the tetragonal phase increased while the rhombohedral phase decreased with increased La3+ content. The morphology of the SBNLT-xLa ceramics displayed polygonal grain shapes and anisotropic grain growth. Average grain sizes increased from 2.01 to 2.43 μm as x increased from 0 to 0.01 and afterwards decreased as x increased further. Both the measured density and maximum dielectric constant (ɛ<inf>m</inf>) decreased from 5.48 to 5.29 g/cm3 and from 4667 to 2313, respectively, when x increased from 0 to 0.05. A decrease in the dielectric properties caused by the phase ratio shifting away from a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) condition, poor microstructure and low density was produced with La3+ replacement. The maximum polarization (P<inf>max</inf>), remnant polarization (P<inf>r</inf>) and coercive field (E<inf>c</inf>) decreased with increased La3+ content. A decline in P<inf>r</inf> and E<inf>c</inf> improved the energy storage efficiency (ƞ) and energy storage loss (W<inf>loss</inf>), resulting in enhanced energy storage properties. At x = 0.02, the ceramic showed good energy storage properties (W<inf>total</inf> of 0.781 J/cm3, W<inf>rec</inf> of 0.624 J/cm3, W<inf>loss</inf> of 0.157 J/cm3 and ƞ of 79.8%), measured at 60 kV/cm.
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Enhanced electrical and energy storage performances of Fe, Sb co-doped BNBCTS ceramics synthesized via the solid-state combustion technique
(2024-12-01)
Kornphom, C.
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Saenkam, K.
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Yotthuan, S.
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Vittayakorn, N.
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Bongkarn, T.
In this study BNBCTS ceramics were co-doped with Fe and Sb to form (Bi<inf>0.5</inf>Na<inf>0.5</inf>)<inf>0.93</inf>(Ba<inf>0.945</inf>Ca<inf>0.055</inf>)<inf>0.07</inf>(Ti<inf>(0.9946-x)</inf>Sn<inf>0.0054</inf>)(Fe<inf>0.5</inf>Sb<inf>0.5</inf>)<inf>x</inf>O<inf>3</inf> ceramics (denoted as BNBCTS-xFS) with various x content and were prepared via the solid-state combustion technique to enhance the electrical and energy storage performance. The effect of co-doping Fe and Sb on the phase formation, defect dipole, microstructure, electrical and energy storage properties of BNBCTS-xFS ceramics was studied. When x content increased from 0.0 to 0.030, the amount of the rhombohedral (R) phase decreased from 51 to 24 % while the tetragonal (T) phase increased from 49 to 76 %. The increased Fe and Sb content increased the defect dipole of singly/doubly charged oxygen-vacancies (V<inf>O</inf>∙/ V<inf>O</inf>∙∙) and caused more Ti4+ to transition to Ti3+, which caused the transition temperature of the ferroelectric phase to relaxor state (T<inf>F-R</inf>) in the ceramics to drop to below room temperature and it exhibited relaxor characteristics at room temperature. The ceramic with an x content of 0.010 had the largest grain size (3.06 μm), excellence ferroelectric properties (P<inf>r</inf> ∼31.04 μC/cm2, P<inf>m</inf> ∼38.98 μC/cm2 and E<inf>c</inf> ∼18.28 kV/cm), the largest electro strain (∼0.175 %) and a large d<inf>33</inf>* of 350 pm/V. Moreover, when x = 0.020, the ergodic relaxor ceramic showed the smallest grain size (1.03 μm), the lowest remanant polarization (P<inf>r</inf>) of 4.52 μC/cm2 and the lowest coercive field (E<inf>c</inf>) of 8.37 kV/cm, at an electric field of 60 kV/cm. More importantly, energy storage properties at the electric breakdown strength (E<inf>b</inf> = 120 kV/cm) of the ceramics with an x content of 0.020 exhibited a recoverable energy storage density (W<inf>rec</inf>) of 1.81 J/cm3, a total energy storage density (W<inf>total</inf>) of 2.95 J/cm3 and an efficiency (η) of 61.30%, with excellent thermal (∼25–150 °C) and frequency stability (∼1–100 Hz). This study provides new insights into the modulation of BNBCTS ceramics with Fe and Sb co-doping, which could effectively improve the electrical properties and energy storage properties of BNBCTS-xFS ceramics.
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Investigating the feasibility of nano-grid infrastructure integration into street lighting systems based on energy production and economic evaluation
(2024-12-01)
Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
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Yoomak, Suntiti
To enhance efficient and sustainable energy usage in street lighting systems, a nano-grid infrastructure comprising an energy harvesting, storage, and management system is integrated. This paper investigated the feasibility in terms of energy production and economic evaluation of using various energy harvesting for photovoltaic, piezoelectric, and wind energy in a nano-grid street lighting system. The photovoltaic system was evaluated based on the factors of annual actual solar radiation, power losses, and system performance using the PVsyst software. The piezoelectric energy production was studied and designed. Optimal piezoelectric installation for maximum power generation was analyzed in terms of deformation and stress using ANSYS software. For wind power generation, the wind turbine characteristics, along with its location, were designed to optimize power output using computational fluid dynamic simulations in ANSYS software. After that, economic evaluation for the proposed energy harvesting systems for nano-grid street lighting system are analyzed and compared in terms of DPP, NPV, IRR, and LCOE. In addition, the optimization of using PV, a wind system, a hybrid PV—wind system for nano-grid street lighting systems was conducted using HOMER Pro software. The results indicated that generating power through PV, piezoelectric, and wind energy was feasible. However, economic evaluation unveiled the infeasibility of employing piezoelectric and wind energy systems due to their elevated investment costs relative to their power generation capabilities. The dynamics of power generation from PV and wind systems, along with street lighting consumption, significantly impacted the dimensions of energy harvesting and storage systems, as well as their economic feasibility. The hybrid PV-wind system exhibited strong economic feasibility.
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Phase structure, microstructure, electrical and energy storage properties of SBNLT lead free ceramics with Zr4+ substituted into B-sites
(2024-09-01)
Sinkruason, Thanapon
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Luangpangai, Anupong
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Julphunthong, Phongthorn
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Rittidech, Aurawan
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Pulphol, Phieraya
Lead-free (Sr<inf>0.3</inf>Bi<inf>0.35</inf>Na<inf>0.335</inf>Li<inf>0.015</inf>) (Ti<inf>1−x</inf>Zr<inf>x</inf>) O<inf>3</inf> ceramics (SBNLT<inf>1−x</inf>Zr<inf>x</inf>) with x = 0–0.04 were prepared via the solid-state combustion technique using glycine as the fuel. The influence of Zr content on the phase structure, microstructure, electrical properties, and energy storage properties of the SBNLT<inf>1−x</inf>Zr<inf>x</inf> ceramics was examined. The presence of a pure perovskite phase was shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, with the coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases in all samples, as certified by the Rietveld refinement method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe the morphology of the SBNLT<inf>1−x</inf>Zr<inf>x</inf> ceramics, which revealed cube shaped grains with anisotropic growth. Average grain size increased from 2.01 to 2.49 µm when x increased from 0 to 0.01 and then reduced with further increases in Zr content. The maximum dielectric constant dropped from 4667 to 2990 when x increased from 0 to 0.04, caused by a shift from the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The maximum polarization (P<inf>max</inf>) of 29.18 µC/cm2, energy storage density (W<inf>total</inf>) of 0.851 J/cm3 and recoverable energy storage (W<inf>rec</inf>) of 0.609 J/cm3 were achieved when x = 0.02.
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An overview of reinforcement learning-based approaches for smart home energy management systems with energy storages
(2024-09-01)
Pinthurat, Watcharakorn
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Surinkaew, Tossaporn
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Hredzak, Branislav
The paper's state-of-the-art review focuses on an in-depth evaluation of smart home energy management systems which employ reinforcement learning-based methods to integrate energy storages. In order to optimize energy consumption and improve overall sustainability while maintaining technical and economic constraints, the paper first investigates the multi-faceted aspects of integrating energy storages into smart homes. Second, an overview of a smart home system and a theoretical background of reinforcement learning-based algorithms are given and discussed. Consequently, this study delves into the challenges and benefits of integrating energy storage, specifically looking at ways to lessen the impact of renewable sources’ intermittency, improve grid stability, and streamline efficient energy storage management. Thirdly, the paper highlights the beneficial features of smart home energy storage integration, including reduced costs, increased system resilience, and improved energy efficiency. Therefore, cutting-edge reinforcement learning-based methods utilized in smart home energy management systems that incorporate energy storage are thoroughly examined by evaluating their effectiveness and adaptability, taking into account both multi-agent and single-agent reinforcement learning-based methods. Finally, the study identifies potential research directions, including the development of hybrid reinforcement learning algorithms, integration of demand-side management strategies, and addressing privacy and security concerns in reinforcement learning-based smart home energy management systems. While some research has made use of single-agent reinforcement learning, smart home energy storage systems that use energy storages seldom use multi-agent reinforcement learning techniques. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers will be able to use this work as a foundation to build smart, sustainable home energy systems.
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Porosity development of templated porous carbons dried by vacuum as carbon electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors
(2023-03-15)
Kraiwattanawong, Kriangsak
Resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) resin serves as the carbon precursor for porous carbons and carbon/carbon composites possessing a high specific surface area (SSA). This work presents the porosity improvement by the elimination of cotton fibers (CF) from CF/RF composite hydrogels subsequently exchanged by tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), dried by vacuum, and carbonized. This route contributes the templated porous carbons (TPC) with an asymmetric structure comprising micropores, mesopores, and macropores. At 0.25 of the CF/RF weight ratio, TPC dried by vacuum apparatus has SSA of 2,102 m2 g−1, whereas TPC dried by evaporation only offers SSA of 663 m2 g−1. Using the vacuum acts as pseudo-freeze drying during TBA removal, forming sponge-like carbon and allowing ultra-high SSA. The electrochemical properties of vacuumed TPCs were analyzed, showing that TPC at 0.25 of the CF/RF weight ratio possessed 626 F g−1 more than TPC at 0.00 of the CF/RF weight ratio which had 392 F g−1 at 200 mA g−1.
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Energy storage System the Hybrid Battery Charging by Used the Wireless Power Transfer for the Electric Vehicles
(2021-03-10)
Jitson, Tawatchai
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Cheapanich, Siriruch
This paper discusses the charging of an electric vehicle using wireless power transfer (WPT). Today electric vehicles around the world used long life time batteries and fast charging increases the travel range. The problem with the power supplied to electric vehicles are charged the battery takes a long time. But the ability of supercapacitors can be stored energy faster than batteries. The batteries are lower in energy than supercapacitors. In the study, both devices are used to charge wireless power transmission and power the motor drive. The performance of the battery and supercapacitor in the electric vehicles mileage test when an alternated power supply is added to the motor drive while the electric vehicles are in motion. This research provides information on how to develop energy storage systems for future work.
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The electrochemical measurements investigation of NiCo2O4for electrode materials of energy storage devices by using digital holography technique
(2021-01-01)
Prakobsang, Tawipon
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Saei, Worawee
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Kongsubto, Thee
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Ruttanapun, Chesta
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Buranasiri, Prathan
The electrochemical properties of NiCo2O4for using as electrode materials for the potential applications have been investigated by electrochemical measurement which composed of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic chargedischarge (GCD). These processes are generating the ion exchange between the electrode and electrolyte, wherein induce the surface change of the interface. Especially, since in the cycle ability measurement using the potentiostat needed to repeat the cycle into the electrode for many times, the effective of the electrode is reduced. In this research, digital holographic technique was used to investigate the different properties of interface of the NiCo2O4 electrode while operating under the various electrochemical techniques. In our DH recording, the surface change of the electrode was expose at the difference potential scan rate at 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mV/s of CV, and the difference current densities at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 A/g of GCD and vary times of cycle ability test every 50 cycle times to 1000 cycles. In the end the reconstructed DH images of the electrode have been used to analyze the results from electrochemical measurement.

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