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Multi-objective decentralized model predictive control for inverter air conditioner control of indoor temperature and frequency stabilization in microgrid
(2021-11-01)
Pahasa, Jonglak
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Potejana, Potejanasak
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
Microgrid (MG) is a novel concept for a future distribution power system that enables renewable energy sources (RES). The intermittent RES, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic gen-erators, can be connected to the MG via a power electronics inverter. However, the inverter inter-faced RESs reduce the total inertia and damping properties of the traditional MG. Consequently, the system exhibits steeper frequency nadir and the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), which may degrade the dynamic performance and cause the severe frequency fluctuation of the system. Smart loads such as inverter air conditioners (IACs) tend to be used for ancillary services in power systems. The power consumption of IACs can be regulated to suppress frequency fluctuation. Nevertheless, these IACs, regulating power, can cause the deviation of indoor temperature from the temperature setting. The variation in indoor temperature should be controlled to fulfill residential comfort. This paper proposes a multi-objective decentralized model predictive control (DMPC) for controlling the power consumption of IACs to reduce MG frequency fluctuation and control the variation in indoor temperature. Simulation results on the studied microgrid with the high penetration of wind and photovoltaic generator demonstrate that the proposed DMPC is able to regulate frequency deviation and control indoor temperature deviation as a user preference. In addition, the DMPC has a superior performance effect to the proportional-integral (PI) controller in terms of reducing frequency deviation, satisfying indoor temperature preferences, and being robust to the varying num-bers of IACs.
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Battery management system for microgrid applications
(2018-07-02)
Prompinit, Krisada
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Khomfoi, Surin
This paper describes the operation and control methodology for a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) designed to mitigate the negative impacts of lithium-ion energy storage. The Battery Monitoring System (BMS) provides real time status data of the battery's parameters such as current voltage and temperature in order to prevent energy storage deterioration.The data will be sent through CAN-bus that allows microcontrollers and other devices to communicate with each other in applications without a host computer. Including, energy provision.
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A battery energy storage system control technique with ramp rate and C-rate parameter consideration for AC microgrid applications
(2018-01-01)
Prompinit, Krisada
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Khomfoi, Surin
Active power control of a battery energy storage system (BESS) in an ac microgrid to solve an impact of increasing of renewable energy resources (RES) is presented. The variability of active power from these renewable energy resources affects the reliability of the power grid. A BESS is used to connect with an ac microgrid consisting of RES such solar cells to manage the rapid change in flow of active power, so the output active power from RES is regulated within the standard for connecting to the Thailand grid-connected code. Ramp rate effects and characteristics of a battery used in a BESS are considered in proposed control strategy to control the flow of active power. The micro energy management system (μEMS) for calculating the appropriate active power slope is also developed. Therefore, the frequency deviation in the microgrid is regulated by using a proposed both control technique and μEMS. The control of this method ensures that the frequency stability is within the standard range of ±1 Hz in a 50 Hz system. Simulation and experimental results of the proposed method are good agreement, and the active power of the BESS in an ac microgrid can be satisfactorily controlled.
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Multi-agent system based real-time control for standalone microgrid
(2017-11-28)
Leng, Darith
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Soontorntaweesub, Kittichot
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Polmai, Sompob
The energy crisis and environmental concern lead to widely use of renewable energy sources in form of microgrid. The intermittent nature of the microgrid's sources and the altering behaviors of loads result to unstable of the system's voltage and frequency as well as the system reliability. The purpose of this paper is to develop real-time control based decentralizing technique for handling the challenging issues of the microgrid. Two levels distributed control is proposed. A modify droop control and frequency restoration is implemented as low-level control. The upperlevel, a multiagent system is developed and it is the main control method in the research. The agents are implemented using Boris based on C#.NET language. The multiagent system consists of four main agents such as CONTROL agent, DER Agent, RENEW agent and LOAD agent. To evaluate the control performance, the microgrid testbed has been built. The results prove the effectiveness of real-time control to stabilize, monitor, improve system reliability and provide the microgrid intelligent operation.
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Design of Optimal SMES Controller Considering SOC and Robustness for Microgrid Stabilization
(2016-10-01)
Ngamroo, Issarachai
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Vachirasricirikul, Sitthidet
The microgrid with wind and photovoltaic (PV) power sources unavoidably encounters the power fluctuation problem. To solve this problem, the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) can be used. Nevertheless, large power fluctuation from wind and PV sources, and severe system faults may cause the overcharge or deep-discharge state of SMES. These abnormal states highly degrade the dynamic performance of the SMES. To handle these situations, this paper concentrates on the new SMES power controller design considering state-of-charge (SOC), robustness, and optimal inductance of the superconducting coil for microgrid stabilization. The active and reactive power controllers of SMES are represented by the proportional-integral (PI) control. The SOC deviation control and the mixed H<inf>2</inf>/H<inf>∞</inf> control are proposed to optimize the SMES coil inductance and PI parameters. Simulation study is performed to signify the control effect of the proposed SMES.
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Experiment on distributed cooperative control with multi-agent system for a single-phase microgrid
(2015-08-17)
Leng, Darith
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Polmai, Sompob
In a microgrid, electric generation is based on combination of small generators and renewable resources such as solar and wind. The operating conditions of the microgrid are dynamically altered by both the load and the intermittent nature of the renewable resources. To maintain the voltage and frequency stability of such microgrid, this paper presents distributed cooperative control of a microgrid using multi-agent system. The multi-agent system is implemented by using Mobile-C based on Client-Server architecture, and Ch and Embedded Ch as the agents run time. Serial communication is implemented for data exchange between agents and microgrid elements. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system, two scenarios have been experimented. The experimental results demonstrate the generator connecting/disconnecting and load shedding ability of the microgrid.
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Improved H2/H∞ control-based robust PI controller design of SMES for suppression of power fluctuation in microgrid
(2014-10-15)
Vachirasricirikul, Sitthidet
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
In the microgrid integrated with the renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic, the random power productions from such renewable sources may cause the severe power fluctuation problem. This paper focuses on a robust controller design of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for stabilizing the power fluctuation in a microgrid. The proportional-integral (PI)-based damping controllers for active and reactive power control of SMES are optimally tuned based on the improved H<inf>2</inf>/H<inf>∞</inf> control with the automatic selection of the reference input. The particle swarm optimization is applied to achieve the optimal PI parameters automatically. Simulation results show that the power fluctuation from the renewable sources is greatly damped by robust SMES controller.
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Alleviation of power fluctuation in a microgrid by electrolyzer based on optimal fuzzy gain scheduling PID control
(2014-01-01)
Chaiyatham, Theerawut
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
This paper presents an application of the electrolyzer (EZ) to alleviate the power fluctuation in a microgrid with hybrid power generations from wind, photovoltaic array, fuel cell, and diesel engine. In this microgrid, the intermittent power generations from wind and photovoltaic arrays cause severe power fluctuation. With the fast response of EZ, the power absorbed by EZ can be controlled to compensate for the power fluctuation, in addition to the hydrogen production for fuel cell. The structure of the active and reactive power controllers of EZ is the fuzzy gain scheduling of a proportional-integral-derivative (FGS-PID) controller. Without trial and error, the scale factors, membership functions, and control rules of the FGS-PID controller are automatically optimized by bee colony optimization. A simulation study confirms that the proposed EZ with optimal FGS-PID controller is much superior to the optimal PID controller in terms of damping effect, robustness against disturbances, and hydrogen production. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan.
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Application of electrolyzer to alleviate power fluctuation in a stand alone microgrid based on an optimal fuzzy PID control
(2012-12-01)
Ngamroo, Issarachai
Due to the high intermittent power generations from wind and photovoltaic in the microgrid (MG) system, these result in the severe power fluctuation. When the fuel cell (FC) equipped with the aqua electrolyzer (AE) has been installed in the MG, in addition to hydrogen production for FC, the absorbed power by AE can be controlled to alleviate the power fluctuation. This paper proposes the coordinated control of AE and FC to solve the power fluctuation problem in the MG. By control of the power absorption by AE and the power production by FC, the power fluctuation in the MG can be suppressed. The optimal fuzzy logic based-proportional-integral-derivative (FLPID) is used to design the controllers of AE and FC. Without trial and error as in the conventional FLPID controller design, scale factors, membership functions and control rules of the optimal FLPID controller are automatically and simultaneously tuned by a bee colony optimization. Simulation results confirm the superior stabilizing effect of the proposed optimal FLPID controller in comparison with the conventional FLPID controller under several system disturbances. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Robust controller design of microturbine and electrolyzer for frequency stabilization in a microgrid system with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(2012-12-01)
Vachirasricirikul, Sitthidet
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
This paper proposes a new robust controller design of microturbine (MT) and electrolyzer (ES) in a control and monitoring system (CMS) for frequency stabilization in a microgrid system with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In the studied microgrid, the MT is normally used to provide the main power to the loads while the ES absorbs the power from the system to produce the hydrogen as the fuel input for the power generation of the fuel cell. On the other hand, the large numbers of PHEVs are utilized in the consumer side. The concurrent charging powers of PHEVs cause a problem of severe frequency fluctuation in the microgrid. To solve this problem, the frequency stabilization of CMS is performed by controlling the power output of MT and ES. The controller structure of MT and ES is a proportional integral with a single input. To enhance the tracking performance and the robustness against system uncertainties of the designed MT and ES controllers, the control parameters are optimized by shuffled frog leaping algorithm based on specified-structure mixed H <inf>2</inf>/H <inf>∞</inf> control technique. Simulation results not only show the frequency stabilization effect against the random charging power of PHEVs but also the high robustness of the proposed robust MT and ES controllers against the system parameters variation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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