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    Synthesis, Scrutiny, and Applications of Bio-Adsorbents from Cockle Shell Waste for the Adsorption of Pb and Cd in Aqueous Solution
    (2023-04-01)
    Panpho, Phakakorn
    ;
    Vittayakorn, Naratip
    ;
    Sumang, Rattiphorn
    Heavy metals in wastewater represent one of the most serious concerns around the world. They cause significant harm to human health. Cockle shells have been considered a source of calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), but their shells are disposed of as waste that pollutes the coastal environment. CaCO<inf>3</inf> has attracted considerable attention as an adsorbent for heavy metals. To ensure the meaningful use of cockle shell (CS) waste and achieve a zero-waste production system, in this study, CaCO<inf>3</inf> powder was synthesized from CS. It was characterized using XRD, TA/DTA, FESEM, and AAS. The XRD results illustrated that partial phase changes occur from aragonite (natural shell) to calcite (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>), and calcium oxide (CaO) during heating. The calcined CS presented excellent adsorption performance for Pb and Cd. The Pb removal efficiency scores were about 97%, 96%, and 99% and the Cd removal efficiency scores were 100%, 98%, and 99% in a shorter time for calcined CS at 700 °C, 900 °C, and 950 °C, respectively. The results of this study show that the calcium carbonate from CS is an effective and low-cost adsorbent for the adsorption of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution.