Maleesee, Komsan

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Study of Architectural Form and Structural Analysis of Central Tower Cluster of Angkor Wat
(2025-01-01)
Svamivastu, Vacharee
;
Maleesee, Komsan
In this study, we investigated the form and structure of the Angkor Wat temple complex using diagrams, ogive geometry, and structural analysis. The findings of previous research indicated the appropriate basic grid-cell size for the temple complex’s planning. They were used as the main data for this research. An earlier analysis revealed the geometric code (basic module, BM) that controls the architectural design diagram and construction of the temple complex. The use of a center-shifting technique to avoid the numerical fractions occurring in grid cell modules resulted in the asymmetry of the temple, as evidenced by the unequal openings (windows) on the left and right sides of the first enclosure. The diagram 5:6, suitable for the inhabitants who were the Vaiśyas, is achieved by the center-shifting technique. The form analysis showed that the towers in the temple were of ogive shape of varying sizes, corresponding to Pythagoras’ common-right-triangle combinations. The structural analysis demonstrated the use of low-tiered walls around the core structure of the central tower cluster, increasing the wall bearing of the core structure with exceptionally large wall corners to strengthen the bearing walls of the core structure. As a result, the maximum weight-induced deformation of the central tower cluster indicates the capability of the walls to sustain massive weights. An Angkor Wat central tower cluster was constructed on a slant base foundation. In this research, we unveiled the structurefollowsform and form-follows-structure principles in the construction of the Angkor Wat temple.
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The Geometrical Relationship Between Ancient Hindu Technical Treatises and the Planning and Organization of Angkor Wat
(2025-04-01)
Svamivastu, Vacharee
;
Maleesee, Komsan
Angkor Wat is the supreme masterpiece of Khmer architecture, built by King Sūryavarman II during the 12th century A.D. Jane Przyluski hypothesized that Angkor Wat was the tomb of King Sūryavarman II. On the other hand, George Cœdès thought that Angkor Wat complex was habitation in the form of a celestial palace. According to Henri Parmentier, though the buildings and constructions in Angkor Wat temple complex are majestic, they are geometrically out of place. The temple complex is non-symmetrical, as the complex’s center is left-aligned. The above controversial opinions inspire a deep examination of the geometric system of the architectural and structural design of Angkor Wat. This research investigates the architectural planning and frame structures of Angkor Wat stone temple complex using a Hindu grid system. The study was based on field survey data of the temple complex and Hindu ancient texts, specifically the Vāstu Śāstra. PhotoModeler Pro5 and Polycam for iOS-4.0.5 were utilized to render three-dimensional (3D) images of the entire temple complex. The analysis finds the geometric code (suitable module) used in the planning of 2.75 m × 2.75 m in the metric system (1 Phyeam 1 Hat 1 Thnob in) the local Cambodian measuring system). The geometric code (2.75 m × 2.75 m) highlights the design diagram and construction of the temple complex. The research also unveiled the use of a center-shifting technique where the vertical axis running through the center is deliberately left-aligned, to avoid numerical fractions occurring in the grid modules. The technique gives rise to the asymmetry of the temple complex. The findings led to understanding the symbolic meaning of spatial organization of the layout and plan of Angkor Wat design, which was meant to be a suitable residence for the god on earth, the king, and his citizens. Moreover, it also means the final abode of King Sūryavarman II after his death, represented by the image of Lord Viṣṇu.
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Improvement of crushed rock by polymer and portland cement on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under soaked condition
(2020-01-01)
Chaiyaput, Salisa
;
Maleesee, K.
;
Sirikaew, U.
;
Artidteang, S.
The pavement consists of surface course built on the top followed by base, subbase, and subgrade, respectively. The high stresses occur at the top layer, which is placed by the expensive material with high quality, while cheaper material with low quality is placed in the lower layer, respectively. Crushed rock is normally applied as the base material, which is required to support the high stress transmission. The soil improvement techniques have become one alternative to apply for increasing the soil strength. The one technique has been wildly adopted, is called “soil cement”. On the other hand, the soil cement road is easily to damage by heavy raining and flooding, due to brittle crack behavior in Portland cement property. Consequently, polymer has high elastic modulus, is precious to solve the brittle failure problem. This paper examines the effect of concurrent use of liquid polymer and Portland cement on crushed rock as reinforced pavement base material. The strength of polymer-treated crushed rock (treated crushed rock) and ordinary crushed rock (untreated crushed rock) were characterized and compared. In strength analysis, the California bearing ratios (CBR) of untreated and treated crushed rock were determined under soaked condition to simulate post-flood pavement damage. As a result, it was found that the CBR value of the treated crushed rock has higher than the CBR values of the untreated crushed rock (approximately two times).
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Message from Honorary Chairs
(2023-01-01)
Maleesee, Komsan

Maleesee, Komsan

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