Sontigun, Narin

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Sontigun, Narin
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Email
narin.so@kmitl.ac.th

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    Preliminary study on prevalence of hemoprotozoan parasites harbored by Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) and tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in horse farms in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand
    (2023-01-01)
    Phetkarl, Tanakorn
    ;
    Fungwithaya, Punpichaya
    ;
    Udompornprasith, Supak
    ;
    Amendt, Jens
    ;
    Sontigun, Narin
    Background and Aim: Stomoxys and tabanid flies are of medical and veterinary importance because they play crucial roles in disease transmission as mechanical vectors of various hemopathogens. However, its role as a hemoprotozoan parasite vector in horse farms has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genera Babesia, Theileria, and Trypanosoma in Stomoxys and tabanid flies using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Materials and Methods: All samples (Stomoxys and tabanid flies) were collected using an Nzi trap for three consecutive days each month from November 2022 to March 2023. The flies were morphologically identified to the species level and separated according to sex. Individual (for tabanid flies) or pooled samples (consisting of three specimens of Stomoxys flies of the same species and sex collected from the same site) were used for DNA extraction. Conventional PCR was used to screen for hemoprotozoan parasite DNA, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify the species. Results: In total, 189 biting flies were collected, including four species of Stomoxys (Stomoxys bengalensis, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys indicus, and Stomoxys sitiens) and five species of tabanids (Atylotus cryptotaxis, Chrysops dispar, Tabanus megalops, Tabanus mesogaeus, and Tabanus rubidus). Stomoxys calcitrans was the most prevalent species, accounting for 58.7% (n = 111) of the collected flies. Ten (12.4%) of the 81 samples (individuals and pools) analyzed by PCR were positive for the 18S rRNA gene of the Theileria/Babesia species. Trypanosoma DNA was not detected in any sample. After performing Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches and a phylogenetic analysis, only six samples (7.4%), including S. calcitrans (n = 2), S. sitiens (n = 2), T. megalops (n = 1), and A. cryptotaxis (n = 1), were found to be infected with Theileria sinensis. Furthermore, apicomplexan parasites, namely, Mattesia spp. and Colpodella spp., were found on S. indicus, the fungus Meira spp. was found on S. calcitrans, and the pathogenic green alga Helicosporidium spp. was found on A. cryptotaxis. Conclusion: This study is the first to report a variety of Stomoxys and tabanid flies collected from horse farms in Thailand, which were found to be infected with Theileria and Colpodella species that affect mammals, suggesting that Stomoxys and tabanid flies can be used to confirm the presence of hemoprotozoan parasites in the study area. Understanding the presence of hemoprotozoa in flies could help design vector control programs and manage various diseases in the study area.
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    Epidemiology and Antimicrobial-Resistant Genes of Family Staphylococcaceae in Musca domestica: Case Studies from Chicken Farm, Pig Farms, and Residential Areas in Southern Thailand
    (2026-05-01)
    Sontigun, Narin
    ;
    Thanawan, Nattharee
    ;
    Fungwithaya, Punpichaya
    The major Staphylococcaceae family is recognized as opportunistic pathogens colonizing human and animal skin, mucous membranes, and environments. Musca domestica, the house fly, plays a role in the transmission of AMR bacteria. This study focused on examining the epidemiology and antimicrobial-resistant genes of the family Staphylococcaceae in M. domestica through metagenomic analysis, using samples collected from three animal farms and two residential areas in southern Thailand. Fifty M. domestica were collected from five places surrounding Walailak University, including one chicken farm (CF1), two pig farms (PF2 and PF3), and two residential areas (H1 and H2). All samples were dispatched for analysis using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and analyzed using FastQC, MultiQC, FASTQ, MEGAHIT, QUAST, ABRicate, AMRFinderPlus, ResFinder, ARG-ANNOT, MEGARES, PlasmidFinder, VFDB, Kraken2, Krona and Python. Our findings describe the taxonomic composition of Staphylococcaceae taxa in M. domestica from different environments; the representation of the family Staphylococcaceae in CF1, PF2, PF3, H1, and H2 was recorded at 2%, 0.7%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 2% of this phylum, respectively. The average populations discovered were Staphylococcus (37.4%), Mammaliicoccus (17.4%), and Macrococcus (10.3%), respectively. Trimethoprim-resistant genes (dfrG and dfrE) were found only in CF1, PF2, and H1. Interestingly, fosfomycin-resistant genes were found only in M. domestica within residential areas. Our findings pertain to the Staphylococcaceae population in M. domestica within residential areas, which exhibited varying multidrug-resistance genes, particularly those resistant to fosfomycin.
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    Field-based and molecular evaluation of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal strongyle nematodes of meat goats in Southern Thailand
    (2025-08-01)
    Sontigun, Narin
    ;
    Sansamur, Chalutwan
    ;
    Klong-Klaew, Tunwadee
    ;
    Mektrirat, Raktham
    ;
    Kaewthamasorn, Morakot
    Background and Aim: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) such as Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis are major health threats in goats, exacerbated by growing anthelmintic resistance (AR). Despite the widespread use of albendazole and ivermectin in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Southern Thailand, data on AR status in goats remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of GINs to albendazole and ivermectin using fecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests and to determine benzimidazole (BZ) resistance through molecular detection of the F200Y mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. Materials and Methods: A total of 192 meat goats from six farms were randomly divided into four groups: untreated control, albendazole-treated, ivermectin-treated, and combination-treated. FECR was assessed on day 14 post-treatment. Larval cultures and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to identify nematode genera. BZ resistance was determined through allele-specific PCR on H. contortus and T. colubriformis third-stage larvae, pre- and post-albendazole treatment. Results: FECR revealed confirmed resistance (FECR < 95%) to albendazole (−35.48%–62.5%), ivermectin (−2.41%–51.47%), and their combination (−25%–48.36%) across all farms. Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus were the predominant genera post-treatment. Molecular analysis showed high pre-treatment frequencies of the F200Y resistance allele in H. contortus (75.0%–80.6%) and T. colubriformis (88.6%–100%), which reached 100% post-treatment. Susceptible genotypes were entirely eliminated following albendazole treatment. Conclusion: This is the first comprehensive study confirming widespread AR to albendazole and ivermectin in meat goats in southern Thailand. The fixation of the BZ resistance allele in both nematode species highlights the urgency for revising current deworming practices. Immediate adoption of integrated parasite management strategies, including drug rotation, targeted selective treatment, and exploration of alternative anthelmintics, is critical to mitigate economic losses and protect public health.