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    pH-driven mechanistic segmentation and enzyme-assisted deconstruction for the selective release of centelloids from Centella asiatica
    (2026-05-01) ;
    Aroonsong, Soysruang
    The effect of pre-extraction treatment of Centella asiatica (L.) using different pre-treatment parameters, namely, pH (4.0–6.0) and treatment time (15–105 min), in combination with enzymatic pretreatment, on centelloid extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was investigated. It was observed that the pre-extraction treatment of plant samples at all tested pH values in combination with enzymatic deconstruction led to distinct synergistic effects. Liberation of centelloids was found to occur mainly at two different pretreatment regimes, namely, Phase I (Proton-induced pectin relaxation and rapid glycoside liberation), which led to maximum glycoside yield at pH 4.0 within 15 min (18.20 ± 0.15 mg/g madecassoside and 8.51 ± 0.15 mg/g asiaticoside), and Phase II (Enzyme-mediated collapse and aglycone re-adsorption), in which, at pH 5.0–6.0, the role of enzymatic contribution in enhancing the extraction of aglycones was found to be negligible. Optimum yields and quality of centelloid aglycones were achieved at pH 6.0, where maximal yields were obtained at 60 min and declined thereafter. The observed decline in centelloid aglycone yields at prolonged treatment time could be attributed to the extensive enzymatic fragmentation and subsequent collapse of the disrupted plant matrix, leading to non-specific re-adsorption of the bioactive triterpenes. This study provides a sustainable and cost-effective framework for optimizing extract composition through precise pH and temporal control, offering an efficient methodology for the green separation of bioactive centelloids.
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    Selective reduction of major egg white allergens (Gal d 1–4) by cold atmospheric plasma: Structural insights and processing optimization
    (2026-08-01) ;
    Aroonsong, Soysruang
    This study investigated cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as a sustainable non-thermal strategy to reduce the immunoreactivity of major egg white allergens (Gal d 1–4). A face-centered central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize CAP parameters (sample thickness and exposure time), resulting in highly predictive reduced cubic models ( R <sup>2</sup> > 0.97). Optimal conditions (1 mm, 3 min) yielded immunoreactivity reductions of 70%, 68%, 52%, and 6% for Gal d 4, 2, 1, and 3, respectively. The allergenicity mitigation was strongly associated with the accumulation of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which triggered significant molecular transitions. FTIR analysis confirmed key structural changes, including the oxidation of aromatic side chains and a prominent increase in β-sheet content (+12.6% at 1697 cm<sup>−1</sup>), indicating oxidative-induced structural reshuffling and epitope masking. While CAP served as a mild microbial hurdle, the optimized process effectively maintained the liquid state of the product. These findings demonstrate that CAP is a precision processing tool, validated by robust statistical and molecular evidence, for tailoring the allergenicity of liquid egg products.
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    Alginate Production of Azotobacter vinelandii Using Sugar Cane Juice as the Main Carbon Source in an Airlift Bioreactor
    (2022-08-31)
    Chuacharoen, Thanida
    ;
    Aroonsong, Soysruang
    ;
    Bacterial alginate production has been studied to solve the uncontrollable problem of natural algae alginate composition. A challenge in using alginate in widespread applications is the high cost of equipment and operation. In this research, we aimed to optimize the conditions to produce alginate by Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 9046 using sugar cane juice as the main carbon source. A 5-L internal circulating airlift bioreactor was designed and constructed for this research to ensure low installation and operation costs. An equivalent 60.0 mM sucrose concentration optimized for alginate production in this research was used to prepare the sugar cane juice medium for studying the effects of the nitrogen content and the pH value of the culture for alginate fermentation. The results showed that the pH-controlled value and the nitrogen concentration affected the alginate production and that the pH value of the culture affected the molecular weight of obtained alginate. A regression model was developed to predict the alginate production with a good acceptance (R2 = 81.3%). Moreover, the highest alginate production and its molecular weight obtained from the sugar cane juice medium fermented in the air lift bioreactor were as high as 7.29 ± 0.07 g L-1 and 4,735 kDa, respectively.