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    Selective reduction of major egg white allergens (Gal d 1–4) by cold atmospheric plasma: Structural insights and processing optimization
    (2026-08-01) ;
    Aroonsong, Soysruang
    This study investigated cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as a sustainable non-thermal strategy to reduce the immunoreactivity of major egg white allergens (Gal d 1–4). A face-centered central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize CAP parameters (sample thickness and exposure time), resulting in highly predictive reduced cubic models ( R <sup>2</sup> > 0.97). Optimal conditions (1 mm, 3 min) yielded immunoreactivity reductions of 70%, 68%, 52%, and 6% for Gal d 4, 2, 1, and 3, respectively. The allergenicity mitigation was strongly associated with the accumulation of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which triggered significant molecular transitions. FTIR analysis confirmed key structural changes, including the oxidation of aromatic side chains and a prominent increase in β-sheet content (+12.6% at 1697 cm<sup>−1</sup>), indicating oxidative-induced structural reshuffling and epitope masking. While CAP served as a mild microbial hurdle, the optimized process effectively maintained the liquid state of the product. These findings demonstrate that CAP is a precision processing tool, validated by robust statistical and molecular evidence, for tailoring the allergenicity of liquid egg products.