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    Fermentation of xylose, arabinose, glucose, their mixtures and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate by yeast Pichia stipitis for ethanol production
    (2020-02-01)
    Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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    Champreda, Verawat
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    Laosiripojana, Navadol
    Xylose, arabinose and glucose were studied their fermentabilities to ethanol by yeast Pichia stipitis. The experiments were conducted by using 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 g/l of mono-saccharide solutions in a close fermentation system at 30 °C with 100-rpm shaking rate for 120 h. Fermentabilities of mono-saccharides appeared to produce high ethanol yield when a low concentration of xylose and arabinose was applied. Glucose fermentability was, however, found to be preferable at high sugar concentration. The highest ethanol yields could be achieved at 106.27, 86.25, and 73.10%, reported as a relative % to its theoretical ethanol yield, by using 1.0 g/l of xylose, 1.0 g/l of arabinose, and 20.0 g/l of glucose solutions, respectively. The empirical equations were then established based on the fementabilities obtained to predict ethanol yield for a given concentration of mono-saccharides. A comparative study on fermentation of the mono-saccharide mixture and sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate, of which xylose, arabinose and glucose concentrations were similar, were moreover conducted. It was revealed that the empirical equations provided an excellent estimation of ethanol concentration when the mono-saccharide mixture was used. The presence of furans and other compounds in sugarcane bagasse hydrolyzate besides the mono-saccharides, however, resulted in a lower ethanol fermentability compared with that calculated by the empirical equations. This is due apparently to an inhibition effect of these additional components to Pichia stipitis.
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    Upcycling lignosulfonate into bio-based polyhydroxybutyrate films for eco-friendly antimicrobial and antioxidant food packaging
    (2026-03-30) ;
    Phaiboonsilpa, Natthanon
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    Sakoolkaew, Prueksuda
    BACKGROUND: This study explored the upcycling of lignosulfonate, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based films for sustainable food packaging applications. Glycerol and lignosulfonate were incorporated to enhance film flexibility, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties, addressing the growing demand for functional and eco-friendly packaging materials. RESULTS: Glycerol increased film thickness and water vapor permeability but reduced tensile strength, confirming its plasticizing effect. The incorporation of lignosulfonate improved barrier and functional properties by reducing water uptake, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and inhibiting Staphylococcus sp. When applied to choux cream, the optimized lignosulfonate–PHB film (245 g kg<sup>−1</sup> glycerol, 120 g kg<sup>−1</sup> lignosulfonate) markedly suppressed microbial proliferation, showing the lowest growth rates (μ = 0.56 log CFU g<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for total plate count and 0.35 log CFU g<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup> for yeast and mold count at 30 °C) and temperature coefficients (Q₁₀ = 2.16 and 1.78, respectively). This indicates strong thermal stability and effective control of microbial spoilage across 10–30 °C storage. CONCLUSION: Lignosulfonate-based PHB films demonstrate high potential as biodegradable and functional food packaging materials. Their ability to extend shelf life and maintain microbial stability supports the transition toward sustainable, clean-label, and low-emission packaging solutions. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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    Using ohmic heating to shorten the tempering time for frozen fish
    (2024-03-01) ;
    Phumchom, Nahathai
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    Chintapum, Sappayakorn
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    Klinthong, Worasuang
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    Ohtaguchi, Kazuhisa
    Thawing is necessary to restore the freshness of fish before cooking because fish is often frozen to retain its freshness. Frequently, fish is partially thawed (or ‘tempered’) as it is easier to handle in this form than fully thawed fish. However, the conventional tempering techniques – immersion in water and still air tempering – take a long time and alter the fish's characteristics. Hence, the aim of this study was to use the heat generated inside the frozen fish, or ohmic heating, to alter the tempering process. Compared with conventional tempering operations, in this study, three voltage levels (20, 30 and 40 V/cm) were used for ohmic tempering. The fish quality and yield findings revealed that 30-V/cm ohmic heating was more appropriate, even though ohmic heating at 40 V/cm provided the shortest tempering time. The main operating expense for ohmic tempering was the power cost of USD 58.5/100 kg, whereas the major operating expense for water immersion was the cost of water supply and wastewater treatment, which was around USD 108/100 kg. By using ohmic heating instead of still air and water immersion to temper the frozen fish, not only was less time required while retaining the freshness of the fish but the cost of tempering was also reduced.
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    Polyhydroxybutyrate Production from Waste Frying Oil Using Bacillus megaterium: Process Optimization and Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment
    (2025-01-01) ;
    Tojumsi, Wacharakorn
    This study optimized polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from waste frying oil using Bacillus megaterium and evaluated the economic and environmental performance of the process. Free fatty acid (FFA) content, nitrogen concentration, and temperature were examined using a Box–Behnken design. The optimal conditions were 3.18 mM nitrogen, 1.20% FFA, and 35 °C, which produced 58.7% PHB in bacterial dry mass and a maximum yield of 8.9%. The regression models showed high predictive accuracy with errors between 0.6 and 14.7%. Techno-economic analysis showed that chemical use during fermentation and solvent extraction dominated operating costs. For plant capacities of 100 to 400 m<sup>3</sup>, the minimum selling price ranged from 35.36 to 23.70 USD/kg, depending on selling price and cost variation. Life cycle assessment estimated a carbon footprint of 3.94 kg CO₂-eq/kg PHB, mainly from electricity and solvents. Using renewable electricity and greener or solvent-free extraction could reduce emissions by up to 38%. Overall, waste frying oil is a promising substrate for PHB production, and integrating optimization with economic and life cycle assessment supports the development of sustainable bioplastics.
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    pH-driven mechanistic segmentation and enzyme-assisted deconstruction for the selective release of centelloids from Centella asiatica
    (2026-05-01) ;
    Aroonsong, Soysruang
    The effect of pre-extraction treatment of Centella asiatica (L.) using different pre-treatment parameters, namely, pH (4.0–6.0) and treatment time (15–105 min), in combination with enzymatic pretreatment, on centelloid extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was investigated. It was observed that the pre-extraction treatment of plant samples at all tested pH values in combination with enzymatic deconstruction led to distinct synergistic effects. Liberation of centelloids was found to occur mainly at two different pretreatment regimes, namely, Phase I (Proton-induced pectin relaxation and rapid glycoside liberation), which led to maximum glycoside yield at pH 4.0 within 15 min (18.20 ± 0.15 mg/g madecassoside and 8.51 ± 0.15 mg/g asiaticoside), and Phase II (Enzyme-mediated collapse and aglycone re-adsorption), in which, at pH 5.0–6.0, the role of enzymatic contribution in enhancing the extraction of aglycones was found to be negligible. Optimum yields and quality of centelloid aglycones were achieved at pH 6.0, where maximal yields were obtained at 60 min and declined thereafter. The observed decline in centelloid aglycone yields at prolonged treatment time could be attributed to the extensive enzymatic fragmentation and subsequent collapse of the disrupted plant matrix, leading to non-specific re-adsorption of the bioactive triterpenes. This study provides a sustainable and cost-effective framework for optimizing extract composition through precise pH and temporal control, offering an efficient methodology for the green separation of bioactive centelloids.
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    Estimation of glucosamine in biomass of Trichoderma reesei cultivated on lignocellulosic substrates
    (2021-04-01) ;
    Mapisansup, Waraporn
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    Aroonsong, Soysrung
    Effects of the compositions of lignocellulosic substrate including hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and protein on the glucosamine content in biomass of Trichoderma reesei TISTR3080 were studied. A synthetic solid surface media containing different ratios of xylan (hemicellulose), carboxymethyl cellulose (cellulose), lignin, and various concentrations of yeast extract (source of protein) were used to cultivated T. reesei. Regression analysis identified significant individual and interaction factors that affected glucosamine quantity in T. reesei biomass. A regression model was developed to estimate the glucosamine content in biomass of T. reesei from the compositions of the lignocellulosic substrate. An acceptable error (not more than 10%) of the regression model was obtained from validation with the experimental results of glucosamine content in biomass of T. reesei cultivated on lignocellulosic solid surface media made from copra waste and banana peel.
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    Comparative Evaluation of Culture Media and pH Conditions for Xylanase Production in Aspergillus niger
    (2025-09-01)
    Pakaweerachat, Pattarabhorn
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    Xylanase plays a crucial role in the degradation of hemicellulose and holds significant promise across a variety of biotechnological industries. This study investigates the effects of culture medium composition and initial pH on xylanase production by Aspergillus niger. Five different media; Mandels’, Vogel’s, Marciel’s, Okafor’s, and a modified Czapek-Dox, were evaluated for their ability to support enzyme synthesis. Additionally, initial pH levels ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 were tested to identify optimal production conditions. Among the tested media, Mandels’ medium supported the highest xylanase activity, while the optimal pH range for enzyme production was between 6.0 and 7.0. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing large-scale xylanase production using A. niger, contributing to the development of more efficient and cost-effective bioprocesses. Notably, this study incorporates biomass-specific productivity metrics (IU/g biomass), allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the strain’s enzymatic efficiency. This quantitative approach may help inform future efforts to develop cost-effective and scalable bioprocesses, particularly when applied to low-cost agro-industrial substrates.
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    Simultaneous isoquercitin and gallic acid production of Aspergillus niger on Triphala byproduct under solid state fermentation in packed-bed bioreactor
    (2023-01-01)
    Pakaweerachat, Pattarabhorn
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    Klinthong, Worasaung
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    Ohtaguchi, Kazuhisa
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    Triphala byproduct from hot-water extraction (TPB), which was a traditional process, was valorized by solid state fermentation in this research. Since the leftovers from the extraction contain high rutin and tannin contents, they were hydrolysable to isoquercitin and gallic acid, which were their monomers, respectively. Aspergillus niger, a producer of α-L-rhamnosidase and β-glucosidase, was cultured on the TPB to produce both isoquercitin and gallic acid, which were powerful antioxidants used in medical applications. The solid-state fermentation (SSF) was conducted in the three-layered packed-bed bioreactor aerated with humid air at different rates (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 L/L/min or vvm). The highest isoquercitin and gallic acid production rates were found in the SSF, with 0.1 vvm at 1.14/h and 0.3 vvm at 3.12/h, respectively. The interaction of aeration rate and fermentation time significantly affected the fungal growth and the production of gallic acid, while the isoquercitin production was affected only by the fermentation time. Moreover, the differences of their production yields in different positions of bed along the height of bioreactor found to be useful to design the harvesting period of the fermentation products including isoquercitin or gallic acid or simultaneous isoquercitin and gallic acid. The results clearly showed that aeration, harvesting time, and position of the bioreactor were crucial in designing the process for isoquercitin, gallic acid, or both.
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    Effects of Broth pH and Chilling Storage on the Changes in Volatile Profiles of Boiled Chicken Flesh
    (2024-09-01)
    Pakaweerachat, Pattarabhorn
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    This study investigated the changes in volatile compounds in chicken flesh after boiling at various pHs (6.0–9.0) and after chilling storage (4.0±1.0℃) for 7 d. The volatile compounds were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by using a headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Twenty-one volatile compounds were discovered and categorized as amine, aldehyde, alcohol, ketone, acid, and furan. One type of amine, (2-aziridinylethyl) amine, was the most prevalent volatile component, followed by aldehyde, ketone, aldehyde, acid, ester, and furan. The results showed that the quantity and quality of the volatile compounds were influenced by a pH of the boiling medium. Additionally, the types and volatile profiles of the chicken were altered during chilling. In particular, in the chicken that was boiled at a pH of 8.0, the hexanal (an aldehyde) content increased the most after 7 d of chilling. Moreover, various alcohols formed after the 7 d of chilling of the chicken that was boiled at pHs of 8.0 and 9.0. Because of the oxidation and degradation of fat and proteins, the most altering volatile compounds were the reducing amines and the increasing aldehydes.
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    Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis modulates IgE-binding and functional behavior of egg white proteins
    (2026-08-01) ;
    Janapiraganit, Sirawitch
    The effects of enzymatic hydrolysis (protease, 3.33-16.67 μkat/g protein) on the allergenicity and techno-functionality of egg white proteins were studied. Proteolysis effectively degraded major allergens (ovalbumin, ovomucoid, lysozyme, and ovotransferrin), significantly reducing IgE-binding capacity. Quantitative FTIR revealed a non-linear, hydrolysis-dependent structural transition dictating egg white functionalities. Moderate hydrolysis (3.33-10.00 μkat/g protein) induced initial protein unfolding, increasing Amide I and II intensities by +39.5% and +55.3%, respectively, which enhanced peptide mobility and accelerated interfacial adsorption, resulting in improved foam stability but a gel network with decreased hardness. Conversely, intensive hydrolysis (16.67 μkat/g protein for 10 h) overcame the disulfide-stabilized structural barrier of ovomucoid, triggering a complete conformational collapse, as confirmed by sharp declines in Amide A (−68.1%), Amide I (−20.8%), and Amide II (−8.8%) intensities. Upon thermal induction, these highly mobile, short-chain peptides underwent structural reassociation, leading to a distinct mechanical “hardness rebound" in heat-induced gels, a recovery in apparent viscosity (n ≈ 1), and maximized deactivation of IgE-binding epitopes. Our results identify tailored hydrolysis windows that balance hypoallergenic requirements with targeted foaming and gelling attributes. Consequently, this work provides a strategic framework for designing high-performance, low-allergen egg white ingredients.