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    Aqueous Extracts of Lemon Basil Straw as Chemical Stimulator for Gray Oyster Mushroom Cultivation
    (2022-05-01)
    Chanprapai, Pragatsawat
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    Wichai, Thanaporn
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    Sooksai, Sarintip
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    Noitang, Sajee
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    Sukaead, Weradaj
    To reduce the burning of lemon basil straw (LBS)—the byproduct of basil seed production— we propose utilizing LBS as a replacement substrate for mushroom cultivation. LBS can stimulate both mycelial growth and percentage biological efficiency; however, the rigidity of this material limits particle size reduction. In this work, aqueous extractions were facilely performed without using either hazardous chemicals or complex procedures to valorize LBS as a stimulator for gray oyster mushroom cultivation. An aqueous extraction at solid-to-liquid of 50 g/L was employed. The macerated-LBS and decocted-LBS extracts were tested for mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar and sorghum grains. Following this, both aqueous extracts were applied as a wetting agent in cylindrical baglog cultivation to estimate mycelial growth, biological efficiency, and productivity. It was found that LBS extracts insignificantly enhanced the mycelia growth rate on all media, while the diluted LBS (1:1 v/v) extracts improved 1.5-fold of percentage biological efficiency. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer results indicated 9-octadecaenamide is a major component in LBS aqueous extract. Results demonstrated that the LBS extract is a good stimulator for the production of Pleurotus mushroom.
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    Simultaneous extraction of crude polysaccharides, soluble proteins, gingerols, and shogaols from dried ginger by subcritical water extraction
    (2025-06-01) ;
    Kaomaneechot, Sunanta
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    Lasim, Sarida
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    Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a remarkable method for the simultaneous extraction of high- and low-polarity bioactive compounds from ginger. This study investigated the effects of temperature, pressure, and extraction time on the crude polysaccharide yield, protein content, total phenolic content (TPC), and amounts of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. The pressure was maintained at 30 bars, and the temperature and extraction time were optimized to maximize the polysaccharide yield, protein, TPC, gingerols, and shogaols contents. The rising temperatures (100–160 °C) and extended extraction times (10–50 min) enhanced the yield and TPC but negatively affected protein stability, leading to thermal degradation when the temperature surpassed 180 °C. Specifically, the content of 6-gingerol decreased at high temperatures because of its conversion into 6-shogaol. The optimal extraction conditions were 160 °C for 40 min at 30 bars, resulting in a polysaccharide yield of 8.54 %, protein content of 100.35 mg body surface area/g dry mass, TPC of 18.10 mg Galic acid (GA)/g dry mass, 6-gingerol content of 2.14 mg/g dry mass, and 6-shogaol content of 0.28 mg/g dry mass. Therefore, SWE effectively extracts various polar bioactive compounds from plant materials in a single step.
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    Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction of Dietary Fiber from Defective Lemon Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum) Seed
    (2025-01-01)
    Nilmat, Kamonthip
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    Noitang, Sajee
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    Supang, Wirasinee
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    Lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum var. citriodorum) is an herbaceous plant cultivated for seed consumption only in Sukhothai Province, Thailand. Unlike cultivating for fresh leave consumption, the production of lemon basil seed requires maturity and reproduction phases, the same as rice and wheat. After harvesting, the farmer separates unmatured red basil seeds (RBS) because of their diverse color. The RBS contains valuable compounds, such as dietary fiber, that could be extracted by an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). This work aims to extract DF with the highest brightness using L*a*b* color in liquid form as an indicator. The optimal condition was identified by the crossing point between the brightness (L*) and extraction yield. The proximate nutrient analysis showed that RBS has a higher fiber content than high-quality basil seed (HBS). For water swelling ability, HBS performed 4-fold higher than RBS. The complete extraction of dietary fiber was observed at 10 min for UAE at 200 W, a water-to-seed ratio of 30:1, and 100% amplitude, and it was preferably conducted at room temperature (30±2°C) without an external cooling system. The correlation between UAE extraction time and temperature at constant total power and amplitude was also explored. When the extraction temperature exceeded 80°C, the extracted mucilage was rotten within 24 h, even if stored at 4°C. Moreover, the extracted RBS contained Omega-3 oil that a screw-press machine or supercritical CO2 could extract in further study.
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    Optimization of yield and thymoquinone content of screw press-extracted black cumin seed oil using response surface methodology
    (2023-01-01) ;
    Sila-ngam, Piraya
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    Chummengyen, Supitcha
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    Sukruay, Atitaya
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
    Because there have been no previous reports on the use of screw presses for black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil extraction, the present study examined the effects of feed rate, temperature, and moisture content on the yield and thymoquinone content of mechanically extracted cold-pressed black cumin seed oil. The extraction parameters were optimized using a Box–Behnken design. Optimal conditions were identified by superimposing the response surfaces of oil yield and thymoquinone content. The thymoquinone content was stable under extraction conditions of 60 °C. Moisture played an important role in both oil yield and thymoquinone content. A maximum oil yield of 31.67 wt% ± 0.85 wt% was obtained at a feed rate of 45 g/min, temperature of 70 °C, and moisture content of 6 wt%. However, a low thymoquinone content of 5.14 ± 0.74 mg/mL was observed under these conditions. Furthermore, high thymoquinone content (∼12.00 mg/mL) reduced the oil yield to 10–13 wt%. The optimal conditions were found to be a feed rate of 50–54 g/min, moisture content of 15–18 wt%, and temperature of 55–60 °C, which gave a yield of 22 wt% oil and 10 mg/mL thymoquinone content.
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    Biodiesel Production from Rambutan Seed Waste by Supercritical Ethanol: Economic Analysis
    (2025-01-01)
    Supang, Wirasinee
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    Nilmat, Kamonthip
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    Utthachat, Kassama
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
    The production capacity of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) in Thailand is approximately 0.3–0.4 million tons per year, and an average of 1,900 tons of rambutan seed is left as seed waste. This work pre-extracted rambutan seed oil using a single screw press machine to serve as feedstock for biodiesel production. However, the rambutan seed had a high lipid content of ~40%; the screw press machine was capable of extracting only 6–10% of the rambutan seed oil; in other words, ~24% of the residual oil remains in the seed cake. An ethanolic extraction was performed to recover the remaining lipids in the pressed seed cake. This work also aimed to use ethanol as a reactant for biodiesel production in supercritical conditions without removing the extracting ethanol. Ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification were collectively called the EE-SET process. The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) content in the resultant biodiesel ranged from 40–60% because rambutan seed oil contained ~50% oleic (C18:1) and ~40% arachidic (C20:0) acids, which have higher molecular weights than common plant oil. Next, the experimental conditions were simulated in Aspen Plus V.12 software to estimate the mass and energy balances in the biodiesel production process. The results from computer simulations were applied to an economic analysis to assess the feasibility of the EE-SET process. Because the unique fatty acid profile of rambutan seed oil generated a lower FAEE content and consumed a large amount of energy for distillation, the process's complexity reduced the EE-SET process's profitability.
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    A review of supercritical technologies for lipid-based biofuels production: The glycerol-free processes
    (2021-01-01) ;
    Komintarachat, Cholada
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    Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
    Supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses, a recent technique to produce biofuel without a catalyst, is discussed. This review focused on a glycerol-free process. The supercritical reactants include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate (ETA), and methyl tert-butyl ether. The by-products from the glycerol-free process can improve both the quantity and quality of the resultant biofuel. This review suggests that supercritical transesterification of lipid-based biomasses using ETA as a co-reactant can provide the most valuable advantages, as involves inexpensive and renewable resources, which are important for biofuel production and sustainability.
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    Biodiesel Production from Spent Coffee Grounds by Using Ethanolic Extraction and Supercritical Transesterification
    (2024-12-01)
    Supang, Wirasinee
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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    Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
    This work presents a way to use ethanol and spent coffee grounds (SCG) as feedstocks for biodiesel production to solve ethanol overproduction in Thailand and biodiesel feedstock shortage problems together. Waste coffee oil (SCGO) was ethanolic extracted from SCG; then, ethanol-SCGO mixture was transesterified in supercritical condition without ethanol removal. The ethanolic extraction curves of SCG at a temperature range of 50–70 °C were constructed. Transesterification experiments were studied in a batch reactor and a continuous reactor at various temperatures (275–350 °C) and reaction time (5–40 min) under 15.0 MPa. The molar ratio of ethanol-oil mixture was set at 30:1. The highest ester content of 88.37 ± 3.00 wt% was found in biodiesel obtained at a temperature of 275 °C and a reaction time of 40 min in a batch reactor. Furthermore, excess temperature (< 300 °C) and reaction time (< 20 min) induced thermal degradation and promoted the loss of ethyl linoleate. For continuous reactor, the maximum ester content of 83.38 ± 5.86 wt% was observed at 325 °C and 29.4 min of residence time. Unlike in batch reactors, thermal degradation of ethyl linoleate was not observed in a continuous reactor. The results showed that ethanolic extraction and supercritical transesterification are alternative ways to produce biodiesel from SCG without removing extractant and using catalyst. From a prospective point of view, techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of invented process should be conducted to ensure profitability and environmental benefits, respectively. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
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    Pressurized hot water extraction of crude polysaccharides, β-glucan, and phenolic compounds from dried gray oyster mushroom
    (2022-10-01) ;
    Arnutpongchai, Panisara
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    Phonsavat, Supasuta
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    Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
    This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature (100 °C–140 °C), pressure (0.4–1.0 MPa), and extraction time (20–60 min) on the extraction yield of crude polysaccharides, β-glucan, and total phenolic compounds with pressurized hot water extraction of gray oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer). The extraction conditions were optimized by maximizing all responses, using a central composite design (CCD)-based response surface methodology. Temperature mainly affected the increase in the extracted yield and phenolic content. However, exceeded temperature and extraction time negatively affected the β-glucan yield. The optimal extraction conditions were at 140 °C, 0.92 MPa, and 40 min with a corresponding extraction yield of 3.20 ± 0.17 g/100 g, as well as β-glucan and total phenolic contents of 43.84 ± 3.86 mg/100 g and 8.49 ± 0.66 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dried extract, respectively. The antioxidant activities of extracts were estimated by in vitro biological assays. The SC<inf>50</inf> values of DPPH, NO, and ABTS assays were 1.66 ± 0.02, 1.50 ± 0.19, and 6.94 ± 1.04 mg/mL, respectively. This work demonstrates an alternative approach to valorize over-produced mushrooms.
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    Biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification: technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment
    (2026-01-01)
    Supang, Wirasinee
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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    Nimmanterdwong, Prathana
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    Hunsub, Panusorn
    Previous studies have developed biodiesel production methods from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification (EE-SET) to minimize the energy consumption associated with solvent evaporation. In this study, we perform a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the profitability and sustainability of EE-SET. The material and energy balances in the TEA and LCA were derived from Aspen Plus<sup>®</sup> V12 based on experimental data from previous research. The results from the base case indicated that EE-SET was unprofitable and posed a considerable environmental burden by disposing of defatted SCG (DSCG) as solid waste due to two main issues. First, the amount of DSCG was 4.8 times greater than the total biodiesel and glycerol produced. Second, landfilling DSCG incurred waste treatment costs and induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions simultaneously. Selling DSCG as a feedstock for solid fuel pellets offers an effective strategy for achieving profitability and sustainability. As such, EE-SET addresses the economic drawback of generating profit from selling DSCG while reducing waste treatment costs. Using DSCG as a solid fuel for environmental benefits increases ash disposal credit and substantially reduces GHG emissions. The incorporation of pelletizing units or biomass power plants into EE-SET represents a promising avenue for future research.
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    Effects of temperature and pressure on volatile compounds of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide
    (2025-01-01) ;
    Sakulkittiyut, Buntita
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    Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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    Supang, Wirasinee
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    Sawangkeaw, Ruengwit
    This study investigated the effects of temperature and pressure on the yield and volatile compound contents of black cumin seed oil (BCO) extracted from black cumin seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO<inf>2</inf>). The solubility of BCO in SCCO<inf>2</inf> increased 2.5-fold as the pressure increased by 10 MPa. Major volatile compounds in BCO were identified using a static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SH–GC–MS). Evidence indicated the main volatile components in SCCO<inf>2</inf>-extracted BCO to be hexanal, p-cymene, and thymoquinone. BCO extracted from China-cultivated black cumin seed contained similar amounts of p-cymene and thymoquinone. This black cumin seed is classified as the cymene/thymoquinone chemotype and is also found in Indian, Iranian, and Algerian black cumin seeds. Thymoquinone contents in BCO were more sensitive to the extraction temperature than hexanal and p-cymene contents. The maximum oil yield of 36.28 ± 1.38 wt%, with approximately 2.0 mg of thymoquinone per milliliter of oil, was obtained at extraction temperatures of 50°C and pressures of 30 MPa. A SH–GC–MS could detect small molecules in black cumin seed oil such as hexanal. The results of this work reveal that temperature has more impact on the selectivity of volatile compounds than pressure in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.