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    Evaluation of analysis methods of the semi-circular bend (SCB) test results for measuring cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures
    (2019-09-01)
    Mandal, Tirupan
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    Ling, Cheng
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    Bahia, Hussain U.
    This paper includes a large study to investigate the effect of different mixture design parameters (percent binder replacement, binder modification, low-temperature binder grade, aging, and mix design traffic level) on resistance to fracture using the Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test at Intermediate Temperatures. The results show that the Jc parameter estimated from the SCB test cannot be directly related to the controlled parameters investigated in the study. Therefore, post-peak data analysis using the concept of Flexibility Index (FI) parameter from the Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT) is used in this study to analyze the data obtained from the SCB test. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and multi-linear regression analyses) are used to show which of the response parameters are statistically affected by mixture design factors. The study shows that although the SCB tests provide results that allow determination of various parameters such as Jc, peak load, FI parameter, and post-peak-slope, only the FI parameter can detect the effect of aging and show clear sensitivity to specific mixture design factors.
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    Advanced characterization of bio-rejuvenated asphalt systems using agricultural waste pyrolytic oils: Integrated assessment of chemical composition, rheological, and aging performance
    (2026-04-04)
    Hutabarat, Multazam
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    Chamwon, Suwaphit
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    Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) requires rejuvenation to restore binder flexibility lost due to oxidative aging. This study evaluated sugarcane bagasse oil (SBO) and rice straw oil (RSO) as bio-rejuvenators using an integrated chemical (GC–MS, FTIR), rheological (master curves), and mechanical (LAS fatigue) framework. GC–MS confirmed distinct feedstock chemistries—SBO enriched with methoxy-phenolics and aromatics, and RSO dominated by catechol, nitrogenous species, and oxygenated sugars—suggesting different rejuvenation pathways. FTIR results showed reduced sulfoxide index (SI) in fresh rejuvenated binders, indicating dilution of S O groups; however, changes in carbonyl index (CI) largely reflected the inherent bio-oil composition rather than true oxidative reversal. Several FTIR indicators therefore contrasted with rheological and fatigue behavior, demonstrating that chemical indices alone cannot fully describe rejuvenation or aging progression. Rheological master curves and LAS testing provided the decisive evidence of performance. Fresh rejuvenated binders exhibited substantial stiffness reduction and improved relaxation, with optimum dosages of ≈ 15% SBO and 10–15% RSO achieving 2–5 × higher fatigue life than aged binder at moderate to high strains. Following secondary aging (P-series), rejuvenation benefits were substantially diminished, with fatigue performance returning to aged-binder levels at most strain ranges. Only minimal-dosage formulations (5% SBO) demonstrated statistically significant protection against unprotected secondary aging (2AB, p < 0.05), while moderate-to-high dosages (10–20%) showed equivalent or inferior performance. FTIR indices revealed reduced sulfoxide formation in all P-series binders compared to 2AB, suggesting partial oxidation mitigation through alternative carbonyl-forming pathways, though this chemical protection did not translate to sustained mechanical performance. Thus, while hypotheses on feedstock-dependent chemistry and dose–response behavior were validated, sustained antioxidant protection from phenolics was only partially supported. In conclusion, chemical findings indicate potential rejuvenation mechanisms, but performance tests ultimately govern evaluation, and long-term durability will require hybrid formulations incorporating stabilizing additives.
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    Evaluation of bleeding resistance in chip seal and asphalt emulsion residue rheology
    (2019-10-01)
    Chip seal bleeding is influenced by many factors, including design inputs, material properties, and project-specific conditions. It reduces the surface texture of the pavement and thus compromises the safety of the traveling public. Even though factors that bring about premature bleeding are known, currently, no laboratory test methods for evaluating bleeding in chip seals have been specified. The objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation of the influence factors of asphalt emulsion residue properties measured by the ASTM D7405 multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, as well as other factors related to chip seal bleeding resistance as measured by the modified loaded wheel test (MLWT). In this study, the MSCR test was used as a tool for evaluating the performance of asphalt emulsions because it has been identified as a potential test related to bleeding in the field. In addition, MLWT was selected as a tool for evaluating chip seal bleeding performance in the laboratory. The results of the MLWT showed that the emulsion application rate (EAR), aggregate gradation, and emulsion properties were significant factors affecting bleeding. The MSCR test was found to be a promising tool for the performance evaluation of asphalt emulsion residue, as the test was able to differentiate between emulsion chemistries and modifications in terms of sensitivity to both temperature and stress. In relation to chip seal bleeding resistance, only the creep compliance (J<inf>nr</inf> ) obtained from the MSCR test results was identified as a significant property affecting potential for bleeding.
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    Rheological, adhesive, and chemical characterization of asphalt mastic modified with spent coffee grounds: A comparative study with limestone filler
    (2026-06-01)
    Thairueng, Manita
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    Chamwon, Suwaphit
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    Hutabarat, Multazam
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    Spent coffee grounds (SCG) were evaluated as an organic filler in asphalt mastic at 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % by volume, benchmarked against limestone (LM). The experimental program combined DSR temperature sweeps, pull-off adhesion tests on basalt, granite, and marble substrates, SARA fractionation, and SEM, performed under fresh, RTFOT-aged, and PAV-aged conditions. At 20 wt% replacement, SCG reduced the complex shear modulus G* from 3637 to 2885 kPa at 16 °C (−21 %) and lowered the isostiffness temperature from 31.22 °C to 25.43 °C after PAV aging (−5.79 °C), while limestone at 20 wt% raised G* to 6461 kPa (+78 %). The rutting factor G*/sinδ decreased by 19–23 % with SCG and increased by 71–80 % with LM at 64 °C, whereas the fatigue factor G*sinδ at 25 °C dropped by 18–22 % with SCG, indicating improved fatigue resistance potential. Limestone mastics exhibited 25–83 % higher pull-off force than SCG ( p < 0.05, all 18 comparisons, Benjamini–Hochberg-corrected), yet SCG mastics maintained moisture retention of 83–97 % on basalt, comparable to LM (75–97 %). Failure mode analysis showed all mastics cohesive under dry conditions, with SCG transitioning to adhesive failure under moisture exposure (notably at 15–20 % SCG on marble and granite after PAV aging). SARA analysis confirmed aromatics rose from 60.6 % to 65.7 % and asphaltenes fell from 10.7 % to 8.2 % with increasing SCG, yielding an Instability Colloidal Index decrease from 0.187 to 0.154. These results establish SCG not as a direct limestone substitute but as a complementary modifier suited to fatigue-prone warm-climate binder courses and hybrid SCG–LM filler blends, offering environmental benefits through agricultural waste valorization.
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    Rheological Performance of Asphalt Mastics Incorporating Shale and Pumice as Alternative Mineral Fillers
    (2026-05-01)
    Chamwon, Suwaphit
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    Hutabarat, Multazam
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    This study investigates the hypothesis that mineral fillers with distinct surface characteristics, mineralogical compositions, and morphologies exhibit different reinforcement mechanisms in asphalt mastics. Shale and pumice were evaluated as alternative mineral fillers and compared with conventional granite and limestone at 20% and 30% filler-to-asphalt (F/A) ratios by volume. Filler characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area (SSA), and hydrophilicity coefficient (HC) measurements. Rheological characterization was performed using dynamic shear rheometer, including temperature sweep, frequency sweep master curves, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), linear amplitude sweep (LAS), and Glover–Rowe (G–R) analyses. Pumice, dominated by amorphous volcanic glass with the highest SSA (59.18 m²/g), exhibited rutting-dominant modification with the highest complex modulus enhancement (7.3–9.4 times at 30% F/A) and lowest non-recoverable creep compliance. Shale, composed primarily of quartz and kaolinite with layered morphology and moderate SSA (43.00 m²/g), demonstrated balanced rheological response and achieved the longest fatigue life (Nf,5% = 45,200 cycles at 20% F/A). These findings demonstrate that filler-specific reinforcement mechanisms are governed by mineralogical composition and morphology, supporting performance-based filler selection tailored to climatic and loading conditions.
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    Evaluating the Effect of Curing Time and Resting Time on Moisture Damage Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Using the Pull-Off Tensile Strength (POTS) Test
    (2023-04-01)
    Nimsanor, Adulwit
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    This article explores the effectiveness of the Pull-off Tensile Strength (POTS) test as a tool for evaluating the moisture damage resistance of asphalt mixtures. Currently, indirect tensile strength (ITS) and the Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test are used, but they have limitations such as expensive equipment and being heavy. The POTS test is a low-cost and portable alternative. This study investigated the effect of curing time and resting time on the POTS of asphalt-aggregate systems by subjecting samples to different curing times and resting times before testing their tensile strength under dry and wet conditions. The results show that the tensile strength decreases with increasing curing time or exposure to water, indicating that the debonding process between asphalt and aggregates occurs more rapidly with aging. The tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the POTS test for all three asphalt binder types increases with resting time and curing time, with the highest values observed at a curing time of 2 h and a resting time of 5–15 min. Additionally, this study found a strong linear relationship between the tensile strength ratios of ITS and POTS tests, regardless of curing time and resting time. Overall, the POTS test is a promising alternative for evaluating moisture damage resistance in asphalt mixtures.
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    Willingness-to-pay for estimation the risk pedestrian group accident cost
    (2020-06-01)
    Puttawong, Chompoonut
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    The proven willingness-to-pay with contingent valuation (WTP-CV) method is an effective tool for evaluating the cost of road accidents in many countries. In Thailand, the most fatalities on Thailand’s roads involve the vulnerable road users (VRUs) including motorcycle users, bicyclists, and pedestrians. With the effectiveness of using WTP-CV in analyzing the accident cost of motorcycle users and lack of specific accident cost for pedestrians, this research focuses on evaluating the accident cost on the pedestrians which is the second most VRU fatality. In this research, the road accident cost of pedestrians aged 15-39 years in Bangkok by WTP-CV method was determined. The WTP-CV questionnaire was employed as a tool to measure the payment of which each pedestrian is willing to pay to reduce the fatality and injury risk from road accidents. One thousand and two hundred pedestrians in Bangkok were interviewed. With the results, the value of statistical life (VOSL) for pedestrians in Bangkok is valued at US$ 0.43 million, while the value of statistical injury (VOSI) is estimated at about US$ 0.014 million, respectively. In addition, it is found from the regression analysis that for the fatality risk reduction, higher educational levels and private business pedestrians are likely to pay more to save their lives. In order to reduce the risk of injury, respondents, who are single in marriage status, are likely to pay more to reduce the risk of pedestrian injury. However, a high perception of safety is less likely to pay for the reduction of injury risk.
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    Effective surface treatment techniques for refinishing oil-stained road surface
    (2018-01-20) ;
    Lim, T. T.
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    Wong, Y. D.
    Oil spillage on pavement surface is a hazard for all road users as it causes road slipperiness. Although there are various applications of oil removers for cleanup of oil spillages, many of which would require time-consuming treatment, no research has been conducted to develop temporary and fast road resurfacing technique which can be completed within a short time (1–2 h). The objective of this research is to develop a fast-setting asphalt surface treatment to respond to oil spillages on roads so as to allow resumption of traffic movements, for up to 2 days before surface rejuvenation. A series of surface treatments were selected for experimentation based on the consideration of ease of application and effectiveness to satisfy the road performance requirements. A tack coat of CRS-2 asphalt emulsion with chip seal coating was applied to refinish the oil-spilled dense- and open-graded specimens. The oil types were diesel, hydraulic oil, engine oil, and cooking oil. A British pendulum skid resistance tester was used to measure the skid resistance of the treated surfaces. The results show that using a tack coat with chip seal (CRS-2) applications to refinish the oil-spilled road can be completed within 1–1½ h. With adequate skid resistance performance, chip seal (CRS-2) application is a promising method to refinish oil-spilled road for all types of oil. A tack coat (CRS-2) application may be an option for the practitioner to use as a surface treatment to remedy oil spillage on dense-graded specimens, while asphalt emulsion alone shall not work well for oil spillage on open-graded specimens. PosiTest (pull-off tester) was carried out to determine the pull-off tensile strength of the applied surface layers, i.e., chip seal from the pavement surface. The results show that chip seal treated specimen with pre-wash yields higher pull-off tensile strength than chip seal treated specimen without pre-wash.
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    Effect of bagasse and coconut peat fillers on asphalt mixture workability
    (2020-12-01)
    Mongkol, Krit
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    Suwannaplai, Arnonporn
    Workability is of importance during asphalt construction, which plays a role in increasing stability and other performances. Using different mineral fillers can result in different asphalt workability in the same mix design. While fillers can increase stability, viscosity with regards to asphalt mastic needs to be considered for working in the field. Nowadays, waste natural materials can allow agriculturists to get more income by recycling in many industries. In this study, the objective is to determine the effect of using bagasse and coconut peat as filler on mastic viscosity and the resistance to failure performances. Findings show that the viscosities of asphalt mastic with coconut peat and bagasse fillers are relatively similar to those with limestone filler for all temperatures at 20 percent filler content. Additionally, the stabilities and flows of asphalt mixtures mixed with waste natural fillers were close to those mixed with mineral fillers at equivalent temperatures. In conclusion, the mastic viscosity is vital for determining the workability of asphalt mixture. The waste natural fillers including bagasse and coconut peat give similar mastic viscosity to limestone filler and higher than granite filler, which shows less difference to performance results.
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    Decoupling Chemical Composition from Viscoelastic Recovery in Rejuvenated Asphalt Binders
    (2026-04-01)
    Hutabarat, Multazam
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    Chamwon, Suwaphit
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    This study investigates the decoupling between bulk chemical composition and high-temperature viscoelastic recovery in rejuvenated asphalt binders. A pressurized aging vessel (PAV)-aged binder (AC60/70) was rejuvenated using pyrolytic bio-oils from sugarcane bagasse (SBO) and rice straw (RSO) at 5–20 wt% dosages. SARA fractionation, colloidal instability index (Ic), penetration, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) testing at 0.1 and 3.2 kPa were conducted before and after a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aging. Both bio-oils restored SARA fractions to nearly identical levels (Ic = 0.541– 0.572), yet penetration diverged substantially (79 vs. 36 dmm at 20% for SBO and RSO, respectively). After RTFO aging, MSCR responses converged across all formulations regardless of pre-aging differences, yielding identical an Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) classification. This convergence is attributed to selective volatilization of low-molecular-weight bio-oil components during thermal conditioning, consistent with findings from a companion rheological–fatigue study. The results reveal a fundamental decoupling: bulk chemical indices, while useful for compositional assessment, do not correspond to stress-dependent viscoelastic recovery mechanisms governing rutting resistance. Performance-based rheological testing is therefore essential for reliable evaluation of rejuvenated binders under field-relevant conditions.