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    High-performance flexible thermoelectric generator based on silicone rubber and cover with graphite sheet
    (2024-01-05)
    Gobpant, Jakrit
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    ; ; ;
    Junlabhut, Prasopporn
    Harvesting thermal energy through a flexible thermoelectric generator (FTEG) offers an excellent micro-power solution for energizing node sensors in the realm of Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable electronics. Nonetheless, current FTEG suffer from drawbacks including low efficiency, significant thermal resistance, and complex manufacturing procedures. In this study, a high-performance FTEG using silicone rubber was designed and fabricated using a straightforward process. The finite-element method was used to optimize the copper electrode thickness, and the bendable substrate layers with various thermal conductivity were studied for the first time. The copper electrode thickness of 0.1 mm was selected because it offers high flexibility and bendability while still providing a relatively high-power output. The 5 × 5 cm<sup>2</sup> FTEG device was fabricated and covered with a bendable substrate. Silicon rubber (0.08 Wm<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>), silicon rubber added 5% graphene (0.14 Wm<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>), and graphite sheets (15 Wm<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>) were used as bendable substrates. The FTEG cover with graphite sheets has a maximum output voltage of 1.1 V under a temperature difference (ΔT) at 65 °C. Its maximum output power is 162.4 mW, corresponding to a power density of 6499.1 µW/cm<sup>2</sup> under the same above ΔT. The experimental findings indicated that integrating a bendable substrate with high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation properties enhances the performance of the FTEG.
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    Optimizing Waste Heat Conversion: Integrating Phase-Change Material Heatsinks and Wind Speed Dynamics to Enhance Flexible Thermoelectric Generator Efficiency
    Flexible thermoelectric generators (FTEGs) have garnered significant attention for their potential in harnessing waste heat energy from various sources. To optimize their efficiency, FTEGs require efficient and adaptable heatsinks. In this study, we propose a cost-effective solution by integrating phase-change materials into FTEG heatsinks. We developed and tested three flexible phase-change material thicknesses (4 mm, 7 mm, and 10 mm), focusing on preventing leaks during operation. Additionally, we investigated the impact of wind speed on the output performance of FTEGs with a flexible phase-change material heatsink. The results indicate that the appropriate flexible phase-change material thickness, when integrated with considerations for wind speed, demonstrates remarkable heat-absorbing capabilities at phase-change temperatures. This integration enables substantial temperature differentials across the FTEG modules. Specifically, the FTEG equipped with a 10 mm thick flexible phase-change material heatsink achieved a power density more than four times higher when the wind speed was at 1 m/s compared to no wind speed. This outcome suggests that integrating phase-change material heatsinks with relatively low wind speeds can significantly enhance flexible thermoelectric generator efficiency. Finally, we present a practical application wherein the FTEG, integrated with the flexible phase-change material heatsink, efficiently converts waste heat from a circular hot pipe into electricity, serving as a viable power source for smartphone devices. This work opens exciting possibilities for the future integration of flexible thermoelectric modules with flexible phase-change material heatsinks, offering a promising avenue for converting thermal waste heat into usable electricity.
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    Improving the photo-thermoelectric performance of CuAlO2 via doping with Bi
    (2021-12-01)
    Daichakomphu, Noppanut
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    Rodpun, Phumin
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    Pluengphon, Prayoonsak
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    Harnwunggmoung, Adul
    The photothermoelectric (PTE) effect enables the conversion of temperature differences induced by absorbed light to electrical voltages. For the first time, we investigated the effect of Bi doping on the photothermoelectric properties of CuAlO<inf>2</inf>. In this study, delafossite CuAl<inf>1-x</inf>Bi<inf>x</inf>O<inf>2</inf> (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06) powders were synthesised. X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicated that the doping limit of Bi content was approximately 2.6–2.7 at% (x = 0.026–0.027). At x = 0.02, we successfully demonstrated the increase of electrical conductivity due to the reduced effective mass and the increased hole concentration, the increase of optical absorption due to the reduced band gaps, and lower thermal conductivity resulting from mass and strain fluctuations. At a Bi content of 2 at%, the photovoltage signals increased compared with the undoped CuAlO<inf>2</inf>. These results indicated that Bi doping could potentially improve the PTE properties of CuAlO<inf>2</inf>.
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    Optimization of the nitrogen content for room temperature rapid synthesis of CuI thin films via liquid iodination method using Cu3N film as precursor
    (2020-06-01)
    Khumtong, Tanakorn
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    Chanlek, Narong
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    ; ;
    In this work, we demonstrate that CuI films can be obtained by the liquid–phase iodination method with the chemical reaction time only being 1 min between Cu<inf>3</inf>N and aqueous iodine solution at room temperature. This is a simple and eco-friendly method with high transparency and low resistivity. The Cu<inf>3</inf>N precursors were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering using different N<inf>2</inf> partial pressures. The effect of nitrogen content of precursor (Cu<inf>3</inf>N) on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of CuI thin films was discussed. Electronegativity property was used to explain the growth mechanism of CuI films prepared by different nitrogen content in the precursor. By growing the CuI films with a N<inf>2</inf>:Ar gas ratio of 5:2, the average transmittance achieved was 75% in the visible spectral range, and the lowest resistivity achieved was 3.67 × 10<sup>–2</sup> Ω cm. These results suggest that the liquid iodination method using Cu<inf>3</inf>N film as precursor (N<inf>2</inf>:Ar gas ratio of 5:2) was suitable for preparing high-quality CuI films for application in transparent electronics.
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    Optimizing fabrication processes for scalable production of flexible thermoelectric modules: A case study on self-powered IoT systems
    This study explores the optimization of fabrication processes for flexible thermoelectric generators (FTEGs) to enhance their performance and scalability for industrial applications, with a focus on integrating them into self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The research investigates the impact of silicone layer thickness and applied fabrication pressures on the mechanical stability, energy harvesting efficiency, and power output of FTEGs. Results demonstrate that reducing the thermal conductivity of the silicone filler and optimizing the fabrication pressure significantly improves the performance of FTE modules. The optimized FTEGs, featuring a series-parallel configuration, achieve a power density of 5.2 mW/cm² under a temperature difference of 50 °C, surpassing prior benchmarks. The developed system efficiently harvests waste heat, charges a battery, and powers an IoT module for real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and carbon monoxide levels. These findings highlight the potential of FTEGs as a sustainable solution for energy harvesting and self-powered industrial monitoring applications.
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