Teerasong, Saowapak

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Measurement of sucrose concentration using Imbibition length on paper: A device for equipment-free and environmentally-friendly detection
(2024-04-01)
Sitanurak, Jirayu
;
Kumpong, Anongnat
;
Yaimai, Orawan
;
Wilairat, Prapin
;
Teerasong, Saowapak
The Lucas-Washburn equation is commonly used to predict the distance (L) that a liquid travels through paper. This equation establishes that L2 is linear with time and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid. However, there is currently no theoretical equation connecting the viscosity of a solution to its concentration. In this study, the imbibition flow of a sucrose solution was measured along the length of a horizontal strip of filter paper, featuring a printed, thermometer-shaped hydrophobic boundary. A sample (38 μL) was dispensed onto the bulb area, and the solution's flow was visually tracked using a red dye added to the sample. The imbibition length (L) was measured by a vernier caliper at 10.0 min after the sample addition. An empirical equation, based on literature values of the viscosity (η) and concentration (C) of sucrose solutions, was proposed. By integrating this empirical equation with the Lucas-Washburn equation, the following equation was derived: L = a⋅exp{-(bC + cC2)}, where ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ are parameters. This equation was fitted to the dataset of L and C, covering C values from 0 to 60 % w/w standard sucrose solutions, resulting in a coefficient of determination of 0.9987. The plot of L against C was observed to closely follow a linear line, with a fitting providing a coefficient of determination of 0.9986. The sucrose contents in samples, such as soft drinks, syrups, and sugarcanes, determined using the imbibition length method and conventional refractometry, were in statistical agreement via the paired t-test at the 95 % confidence level. This method is simple, instrument-free, requiring only a small amount of safe red food dye, and can be conducted on-site.
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Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for convenient use in measurement of iodate in table salt and irrigation water
(2020-01-01)
Duangdeewong, Chomphunud
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Sitanurak, Jirayu
;
Wilairat, Prapin
;
Nacapricha, Duangjai
;
Teerasong, Saowapak
We report a convenient microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for the determination of iodate. The µPAD was fabricated using an ink-stamp with a simple circle design. Colorimetric detection of iodate employs the oxidation of hydroxylamine by the iodate to generate nitrite which reacts with the Griess reagent producing an intense magenta color. The images were recorded by a digital camera, and converted to a green scale color intensity by ImageJ. Calibration of iodate was linear in the range of 50–400 mg L−1 with a detection limit of 38.1 mg L−1. With such a wide linear range, the method can be applied to various kinds of samples with the entire process completed in 50 s. Good precision of measurement was obtained (<2 %RSD). Iodate levels were determined using the µPADs in table salt and irrigation water samples. The measured concentrations of the samples correlated well with the values as found by the standard iodometric titration (no statistical difference at a 95% confidence level). The developed device is simple with easy fabrication and rapid operation. It is portable and cost-effective and therefore suitable for quality control of iodate levels in the manufacturing and agricultural industries.
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Miniaturized chromate-free chloride assay in fish sauce based on linear height calibration of AgCl precipitate in inverted microtubes
(2026-06-01)
Chantiwas, Rattikan
;
Wilairat, Prapin
;
Putthasa, Papawarin
;
Cheotchinda, Benjamapohn
;
Teerasong, Saowapak
A miniaturized, chromate-free methodology for chloride determination in high-salt food matrices is presented in accordance with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry. Classical argentometric precipitation is adapted to a microvolume, instrument-light assay by confining silver chloride formation within inverted microcentrifuge tubes and directly measuring the height of the compact precipitate layer using a simple ruler. Because the cylindrical tube region has a constant cross-sectional area, precipitate height is directly proportional to chloride concentration, enabling straightforward linear calibration without optical detection, signal transduction, or complex data processing. Controlled tube inversion and low-speed centrifugation ensure that precipitation occurs exclusively within this cylindrical zone, producing a sharp, reproducible solid–liquid interface. Under optimized conditions (150 µL sample volume and 180 µL of AgNO₃ in nitric acid; centrifugation at 600 rpm for 3 min followed by 5 min settling), the method provides a linear working range of 50–500 mM chloride (r² = 0.9988), a detection limit of 14 mM, and relative standard deviations of 3–4 % at 200–300 mM. Validation of 12 commercial Thai fish sauce samples showed no statistically significant differences compared to AOAC potentiometric titration at the 95% confidence level, with recoveries of 100–103 % and %RSD values of 1–4.2 %. The primary advantage of this method is its strictly linear height–concentration relationship, enabled by geometry-controlled confinement of the precipitate. Unlike other miniaturized or paper-based assays, it eliminates the need for image analysis or device fabrication. From a green chemistry perspective, the assay eliminates the use of potassium chromate indicators and disposable paper-based devices, operates at the microliter scale using reusable plastic microtubes, and requires only low-speed centrifugation. Analytical Greenness (AGREE), Analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) evaluations (AGREE score: 0.76; Eco-scale: 83; WAC score: 88.9) classify the method as an excellent example of green analysis. The proposed approach offers a robust and sustainable screening tool for chloride determination in high-salt foods.

Teerasong, Saowapak

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