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    Hybrid gas sensor based on platinum nanoparticles/poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes for dichloromethane detection with a high response magnitude
    (2016-05-01)
    Muangrat, Worawut
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
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    Maolanon, Rungroj
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    Pratontep, Sirapat
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    Porntheeraphat, Supanit
    A dichloromethane (DCM) sensor with a high response magnitude was successfully fabricated using the integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). A pristine SWNT network was first formed by drop-casting onto printed circuit board (PCB) substrates. Next, PMMA was coated onto the pre-dropped SWNT network by spin coating using a PMMA-toluene solution, followed by the deposition of Pt NPs by electron-beam evaporation (hereafter referred to as Pt/PMMA/SWNT). The Pt/PMMA/SWNT enabled an approximately 69-fold improvement in DCM detection compared to pristine SWNT. The high response magnitude of the Pt/PMMA/SWNT was successfully achieved because of the incorporation of PMMA and Pt functions. Swelling of the PMMA matrix as a result of DCM adsorption leads to PMMA volume expansion, thereby increasing the SWNT-SWNT distance, which results in an increase in the resistance. Pt NPs promote the dissociation of DCM to CO, and consequently the CO oxidation on the Pt NPs catalyst and electron donation from Pt NPs to SWNTs, resulting in an increase in the resistance. Moreover, a linear relationship was obtained between the sensor response of the Pt/PMMA/SWNT and the concentration of DCM. These results suggest that the integration of SWNTs with PMMA and Pt NPs is a promising approach for improving DCM detection at room temperature.
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    Investigation on electrochemical properties of sugarcane leaves-derived activated carbon by steam activation
    (2020-01-01)
    Ukkakimapan, Pundita
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    Ukakimaparn, Prapart
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    Wanchaem, Thanthamrong
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    ;
    Sattayarut, Vichuda
    Sugarcane leaves (SLs) are a bio-waste from sugar production industry. To explore the value-added SLs, the SLs were used raw materials of activated carbons (ACs) by steam activation and their electrochemial properties were investigated for supercapacitor applications. The synthesis of ACs from the SLs consisted of two steps; carbonization at 500ºC and steam activation. The synthesis condition was optimized by varying activation temperature (800 and 850ºC) The porous structures were thoroughly formed on the surface after steam activation and the surface areas were reached to 630 and 639 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> at the activation temperature of 800 and 850ºC, respectively. The SLs-derived ACs activated at 800ºC assembled in coin cell using organic electrolyte showed the highest specific capacitance of approximately 16 F g<sup>-1</sup> with a capacitance retention of 62% when the current density increased to 1.5 A g<sup>-1</sup>. Even though there is a room to improve the electrochemical properties such as optimization of porosity and removal of inorganic component, the SLs show a potential use as raw materials of ACs for supercapacitor applications.
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    A flexible formaldehyde sensor based on palladium nanoparticles-polyvinylpyrrolidone-carbon nanotubes-nanocellulose composite films
    (2025-01-01)
    Chobsilp, Thanattha
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    Muangrat, Worawut
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    Inpaeng, Saowaluk
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    Tedsree, Karaked
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    A flexible formaldehyde sensor with high sensitivity was successfully fabricated by integrating palladium (Pd) nanoparticles, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nanocellulose (NC) into composite films. The flexible composite films were fabricated via vacuum filtration. The morphology, structure, composition, crystallinity, and functional group of as-fabricated sensing materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Pd nanoparticles-PVP-MWCNTs-NC (Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC) composite films exhibited an 11-fold increase in formaldehyde sensitivity compared to MWCNTs-NC composite films. The excellent sensing performances of Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC sensors were attributed to the combination of Pd nanoparticles and PVP. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the synergistic effect of the high electron transfer from formaldehyde molecule to Pd nanoparticles and swelling of PVP due to sorption of formaldehyde molecule. Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC sensors still maintained good response under bending angle up to 30° and 300 bending cycles. The results demonstrate that the Pd-PVP-MWCNTs-NC composite films are highly promising in terms of sensitivity and flexibility for sub-ppm level formaldehyde detection at room temperature.
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    Nitrogen self-doped activated carbons: Via the direct activation of Samanea saman leaves for high energy density supercapacitors
    (2019-01-01)
    Sattayarut, Vichuda
    ;
    Wanchaem, Thanthamrong
    ;
    Ukkakimapan, Pundita
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    ;
    Dulyaseree, Paweena
    In this study, nitrogen self-doped activated carbons (ACs) obtained via the direct activation of Samanea saman green leaves (SSLs) for high energy density supercapacitors were investigated. The SSL-derived direct-activated carbons (hereinafter referred to SD-ACs) were synthesized by impregnating sodium hydroxide as an activating agent and heating up to 720 °C without a hydrothermal carbonization or pyrolysis step. The optimum condition was investigated by varying the weight ratio of raw SSLs to NaOH. Surpassing the ACs derived from the two-step convention method, SD-ACs showed superior properties, including a higher surface area (2930 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>), total pore volume (1.37 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>) and nitrogen content (4.6 at%). Moreover, SD-ACs exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties with specific gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of 179 F g<sup>-1</sup> and 88 F cm<sup>-3</sup> in an organic electrolyte, respectively, a high capacitance retention of approximately 87% at a current density of 0.5 A g<sup>-1</sup> and excellent cycling stability of 97.5% after 3000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g<sup>-1</sup>. Moreover, the potential window of the supercapacitor cell was extended to 3.5 V with a significantly enhanced energy density of up to 79 W h kg<sup>-1</sup>. These results demonstrate that the direct activation of nitrogen-enriched SSLs offers advantages in terms of simplicity, low-cost and sustainable synthetic route to achieve nitrogen self-doped ACs for high energy density supercapacitors, which exhibit superior properties to that of ACs prepared via the conventional method.
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    Preparation of activated carbon via acidic dehydration of durian husk for supercapacitor applications
    (2020-08-01)
    Ukkakimapan, Pundita
    ;
    Sattayarut, Vichuda
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    Wanchaem, Thanthamrong
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
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    Phonyiem, Mayuree
    In this study, the preparation of activated carbons (ACs) via acidic dehydration of durian husk (DH) for supercapacitor application was investigated. The DH was dehydrated using sulfuric acid and subsequently activated by using sodium hydroxide as chemical reagent at 720 °C to obtain activated carbon (hereinafter referred to as DA). Surpassing the commercial ACs and the ACs derived from the conventional carbonization and activation (hereinafter referred to as CA), the DA exhibited superior properties in high surface area (2578 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and total pore volume (1.27 cm<sup>3</sup>/g). Moreover, besides carbon and oxygen, the DA contained sulfur and nitrogen in the carbon network. The DA can act as a suitable material for supercapacitor electrode with the specific gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of 145 F/g and 70 F/cm<sup>3</sup> in an organic electrolyte. The device also showed a promising performance with an energy density of 32 Wh/kg and a power density of 316 W/kg. These results demonstrate that the preparation of ACs via acidic dehydration of DH offers the advantages in terms of simplicity, low cost, and short-time processing to achieve heteroatom self-doped ACs with a high surface area for high-performance supercapacitors.
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    Radio-frequency characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly-lactic acid composites
    (2017-01-01)
    Sukgorn, Nuttaya
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    Siraleartmukul, Krisana
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
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    Chudpooti, Nonchanutt
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    Chaimool, Sarawuth
    Nowadays radio and microwave frequencies are widely used in wireless broadcastings and communications. But these waves can cause electromagnetic interferences in some electronic devices, including the equipment used in hospitals. The problems of the electromagnetic interference can be solved by using the materials that can reflect and/or absorb radio-frequency (RF) and microwaves. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of a material depends on its conductivity and the electrical permittivity. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as promising materials for shielding applications owing to its flexibility, durability, lightweight and exceptional electrical conductivity compared to conventional metal. In this work, the RF properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were investigated. Poly-lactic acid (PLA), a natural bio-degradable material, is used as the polymer matrix. The composites with different MWCNT concentrations (0 to 0.4 wt%) were prepared and molded into thin rectangular samples (5.6 cm x 6.3cm). The surfaces of the composites were morphologically characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The electrical permittivity of the samples was measured by using a vector network analyzer and a microstrip resonator within a range of 1-11 GHz. The effects of MWCNT concentration on electrical permittivity will be discussed.
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    Hemp-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon with an Optimized Pore Structure by NaOH Activation for Supercapacitor Applications
    (2025-11-11)
    Bowornthommatadsana, Khemjiranee
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    Klangvijit, Kanisorn
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    Uwanno, Teerayut
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    Phonyiem Reilly, Mayuree
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    This study focuses on converting hemp hurd, a byproduct of hemp stalk processing, into high-performance activated carbon for supercapacitor applications. Hemp hurd was pyrolyzed and subsequently activated with NaOH at various ratios (biochar:NaOH = 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4). The Hurd-4 condition (1:4 ratio) yielded the highest specific surface area, 3033 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Our findings indicate that increasing the chemical activation ratio enhances the mesopore-to-micropore volume ratio (V<inf>meso</inf>/V<inf>micro</inf>) to 1.58 while maintaining a sufficient micropore volume for ion storage. This balanced pore structure effectively increased the specific capacitance, achieving a maximum of 725 F/g at a current density of 0.3 A/g in a 1 M H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>electrolyte. When assembled into a coin cell with an organic electrolyte, Hurd-4 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 39 F/g, a maximum energy density of 34 Wh/kg, and a power density of 395 W/kg, surpassing commercial activated carbon. Additionally, the device maintained 78% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A/g. The superior electrochemical properties are attributed to the largest specific surface area, highest pore volume, and optimal mesopore volume ratio. These results demonstrate the potential of hemp hurd as a highly efficient precursor for synthesizing activated carbon for high-performance supercapacitors.
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    Optimizing Electrochemical Performance: A Study of Aqueous Electrolytes with Hemp-Derived Activated Carbon for Supercapacitors
    (2025-02-25)
    Klangvijit, Kanisorn
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    Bowornthommatadsana, Khemjiranee
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    Phonyiem Reilly, Mayuree
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    Uwanno, Teerayut
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    This work investigates the synthesis and electrochemical performance of hemp-derived activated carbon (HAC) for supercapacitor electrode applications. HAC was prepared through NaOH chemical activation, and its electrochemical characteristics were evaluated using three different electrolytes: acidic (H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>), neutral (Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>), and basic (KOH). The specific surface area of HAC was found to be exceptionally high, measuring 2612 m<sup>2</sup>/g, surpassing that of commercially available activated carbon (AC). Surface analysis revealed the presence of an oxygen functional group, which provided additional pseudocapacitive active sites. When 1 M H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> was employed as the electrolyte, HAC demonstrated a maximum specific capacitance of 594 F/g (302.4 F/cm<sup>3</sup>) at a current density of 0.3 A/g. Notably, the HAC electrode exhibited significantly higher energy density and power density, reaching values of 82 Wh/kg (135.7 mWh/cm<sup>3</sup>) and 188 W/kg (311 mW/cm<sup>3</sup>), respectively, when compared to commercial AC. These results highlight the potential of HAC as a cost-effective and high-performance electrode material, particularly when paired with H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> as the electrolyte due to their ideal micropore/mesopore ratio for H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> electrolyte access.
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    Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Physical Properties and Specific Capacitance of Activated Carbon Derived from Banana Stem and Its Application as Supercapacitor Electrodes
    (2023-01-01)
    Dulyaseree, Paweena
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    Sama, Hasanee
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    Sada, Suraida
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    Ukkakimapan, Pundita
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
    In this work, activated carbons (ACs) for electrodes supercapacitor applications were successfully synthesized from banana stem. Banana is one of the popular fruits that is easy to grow and most parts of the plant can be used. However, banana cultivation generates a lot of wastes, especially from the stem. Thus, using banana stem as raw material for ACs was investigated. The synthesis of AC consisted of 2 processes; carbonization and activation. The advantage of a two-step synthesis was the low weight loss of charcoal. Firstly, the carbonization process was conducted by varying the temperature between 300-600°C, and then inorganic elements were removed by treatment with 1 M sulfuric acid. After that, activation was conducted at 720°C under an argon atmosphere. The electrochemical properties of banana stem-derived ACs (BCH-ACs) were studied using sodium sulfate as an electrolyte. The BCH-ACs carbonized at 400°C showed the highest performance with a specific capacitance of 55.45 Fg<sup>-1</sup>, an energy density of 7.70 Whkg<sup>-1</sup> and a power density of 133.94 Wkg-1. The highest specific capacitance of the BCH400-AC was likely due to the increase in the amount of oxygenated functional group, which facilitated the access of electrolyte ions into the electrode. These results suggest that banana stem can be used to synthesize ACs via carbonization at 400°C, and the ACs generated can be applied as electrode in supercapacitors.
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    Band gap and photo charge carrier tailoring in zirconium doped carbon nitride using ZrCl4-DMF-melamine for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B
    (2025-03-05)
    Pinming, Chinathun
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    Yang, Qingshan
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    Yordsri, Visittapong
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    Improving the performance of carbon nitride (CN) photocatalysts in photocatalytic degradation applications involves optimizing their morphology, electronic properties, and optical characteristics. Zirconium-doped carbon nitride (Zr-doped CN) photocatalysts were synthesized using dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent to facilitate the formation of complex molecular structures for effective metal doping. By varying the concentration of the zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl<inf>4</inf>) precursor between 1 and 3 mmol, we observed significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity. Notably, controlling the ZrCl<inf>4</inf> concentration below 3 mmol prevented the formation of zirconium oxide phases, which could otherwise negatively affect the photocatalytic performance. Zr incorporation led to the morphological transformation of CN from a bulk structure into a hierarchical porous structure, increasing the surface area to 135 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>. Additionally, Zr doping changed the band energy and electronic properties, creating an optimal energy level for generating oxygen radicals in the photocatalytic water-splitting processes. The photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B showed that the Zr-doped CN photocatalysts achieved 4.5-fold better performance than undoped CN. Moreover, a small amount of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) significantly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of Zr-doped CN compared to that of undoped CN. These results indicate that combining Zr-doped CN with other materials to create Z-scheme or S-scheme structures could further enhance its performance, thus emphasizing the potential of increasing photocatalytic efficiency by optimizing energy band structures and forming heterostructured photocatalysts.