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    Hybrid graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) for gas sensor application
    (2017-01-01)
    Rattanabut, Chanoknan
    ;
    Muangrat, Worawut
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    Phonyiem, Mayuree
    ;
    Bungjongpru, Win
    ;
    The graphene and hybrid graphene/poly(methy methacrylate) (PMMA) were fabricated for use in volatile organic compound (VOC) detection. Graphene was synthesized on copper foil by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). To remove Cu foil, PMMA was coated on graphene by spin-coating (hereafter referred to as graphene/PMMA) and transferred to silicon substrate with silicon dioxide layer (SiO<inf>2</inf>/Si) by wetting transfer process. For comparison, a PMMA layer was removed in order to achieve a pristine graphene. Graphene and hybrid graphene/PMMA sensors showed the highest sensor response to ethanol. Responses of the graphene to ethanol, dichloromethane and benzene were 5.62, 20.06 and 35.09 times higher than that of hybrid graphene/PMMA. The sensor response of graphene can be described in terms of the dielectric constant of VOC. In addition, the sensor response of hybrid graphene/PMMA to benzene and dichloromethane would be attributed to the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP), while that of ethanol is related to the molecular size. These results suggest that the integration of graphene with PMMA is a promising approach for the selectivity for VOC detection.
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    Investigation on electrochemical properties of sugarcane leaves-derived activated carbon by steam activation
    (2020-01-01)
    Ukkakimapan, Pundita
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    Ukakimaparn, Prapart
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    Wanchaem, Thanthamrong
    ;
    Yordsri, Visittapong
    ;
    Sattayarut, Vichuda
    Sugarcane leaves (SLs) are a bio-waste from sugar production industry. To explore the value-added SLs, the SLs were used raw materials of activated carbons (ACs) by steam activation and their electrochemial properties were investigated for supercapacitor applications. The synthesis of ACs from the SLs consisted of two steps; carbonization at 500ºC and steam activation. The synthesis condition was optimized by varying activation temperature (800 and 850ºC) The porous structures were thoroughly formed on the surface after steam activation and the surface areas were reached to 630 and 639 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> at the activation temperature of 800 and 850ºC, respectively. The SLs-derived ACs activated at 800ºC assembled in coin cell using organic electrolyte showed the highest specific capacitance of approximately 16 F g<sup>-1</sup> with a capacitance retention of 62% when the current density increased to 1.5 A g<sup>-1</sup>. Even though there is a room to improve the electrochemical properties such as optimization of porosity and removal of inorganic component, the SLs show a potential use as raw materials of ACs for supercapacitor applications.
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    Graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) composite laminates on flexible substrates for volatile organic compound detection
    (2018-04-01)
    Rattanabut, Chanoknan
    ;
    ;
    Muangrat, Worawut
    ;
    Bunjongpru, Win
    ;
    Phonyiem, Mayuree
    In this paper, we present a gas sensor for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection based on graphene and poly(methyl methacrylate) (GR/PMMA) composite laminates fabricated using CVD-grown graphene. Graphene was transferred to a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate by PMMA-supported wet transfer process without PMMA removal in order to achieve the deposition of GR/PMMA composite laminates on PET. The GR/PMMA and graphene sensors show completely different sensitivities to VOC vapors. The GR/PMMA and graphene sensors showed the highest sensitivities to dichloromethane (DCM). The response of the GR/PMMA sensor to DCM was 3 times higher than that of the graphene sensor but the GR/PMMA sensor hardly responded to acetone, chloroform, or benzene. The sensing mechanism of the graphene sensor can be based on the dielectric constant of VOCs, the size of VOC molecule, and electron hopping effects on defect graphene, while that of the GR/PMMA sensor can be explained in terms of the polymer swelling owing to the Hansen solubility parameter.
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    Radio-frequency characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly-lactic acid composites
    (2017-01-01)
    Sukgorn, Nuttaya
    ;
    Siraleartmukul, Krisana
    ;
    Yordsri, Visittapong
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    Chudpooti, Nonchanutt
    ;
    Chaimool, Sarawuth
    Nowadays radio and microwave frequencies are widely used in wireless broadcastings and communications. But these waves can cause electromagnetic interferences in some electronic devices, including the equipment used in hospitals. The problems of the electromagnetic interference can be solved by using the materials that can reflect and/or absorb radio-frequency (RF) and microwaves. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of a material depends on its conductivity and the electrical permittivity. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proposed as promising materials for shielding applications owing to its flexibility, durability, lightweight and exceptional electrical conductivity compared to conventional metal. In this work, the RF properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were investigated. Poly-lactic acid (PLA), a natural bio-degradable material, is used as the polymer matrix. The composites with different MWCNT concentrations (0 to 0.4 wt%) were prepared and molded into thin rectangular samples (5.6 cm x 6.3cm). The surfaces of the composites were morphologically characterized by a scanning electron microscope. The electrical permittivity of the samples was measured by using a vector network analyzer and a microstrip resonator within a range of 1-11 GHz. The effects of MWCNT concentration on electrical permittivity will be discussed.
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    Polymer-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes for ethanol and dichloromethane discrimination
    (2013-10-29)
    Muangrat, Worawut
    ;
    Maolanon, Rungroj
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    Pratontep, Sirapat
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    Porntheeraphat, Supanit
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    Sensor response and pattern recognition of polymer-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were investigated. Printed circuit board (PCB) with Cu/Au interdigitated electrode was used as sensor platform. SWNTs network was firstly formed on PCB by drop-casting. For polymer-coated SWNTs preparation, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and thiophene were employed as polymers to coat on SWNTs by spin coating; PMMA/SWNTs and thiophene/SWNTs. Raman spectra showed no obvious structure changes of SWNTs after polymer coating. Next, gas sensing test was conducted. Pristine SWNTs, PMMA/SWNTs and thiophene/SWNTs were exposed to vapors of ethanol and dichloromethane at room temperature. From normalized sensor response results, it was found that pristine SWNTs and PMMA/SWNTs showed the highest response to ethanol and dichloromethane vapors, respectively. In order to discriminate vapors between ethanol and dichloromethane, pattern recognition technique was utilized. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that pattern recognition of ethanol and dichloromethane vapors can be discriminated by using pristine SWNTs and polymer-coated SWNTs sensors. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Synthesis of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber in nanopore of anodic aluminum oxide template by chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure
    (2012-10-15)
    Kasi, Jafar Khan
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    Kasi, Ajab Khan
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    Afzulpurkar, Nitin
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    Dulyaseree, Paweena
    Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most attractive materials for the potential applications of nanotechnology due to its excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties. We demonstrated the fabrication of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber (CNF) inside the pore and at the surface of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane by chemical vapor deposition method at atmospheric pressure. Ethanol was used as a hydrocarbon source and Co-Mo as catalyst. CNT was synthesized at different temperature. High graphitic multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was found at 750°C, while CNF was found at 800oC and above temperature analyzing by Raman spectroscopy. © (2012) Trans Tech Publications, switzerland.
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    Effect of acid treatment substrate for supercapacitor electrode based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    (2021-04-12)
    Dulyaseree, Paweena
    ;
    Effect of acid treatment substrate for supercapacitor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) electrode was investigated. The electrode was used as stainless steel type 304 (SS304) and was with hydrochloric acid (HCl) acid-treated before use. Firstly, SS304 substrates were soaked in 37% HCl for designated time. Acid treatment times were varied at 0, 5, 10 and 15 min. Their surface morphology, elemental components and hydrophilicity property of the acid-treated SS304 were analyzed. The 10-min-treated SS304 show the lowest contact angles, indicating the best hydrophilicity property. Electrode material was prepared by composites of MWNTs, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) with an area of 5x5 mm2. Their cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (CD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were characterized. The 10-min-treated SS304 exhibits the best performance with a specific capacitance (SC) of 261.04 Fg-1. The improvement of the SC of the acid-treated substrate was contributed to the adhesion improvement between a current collector and an electrode material, and the hydrophilicity improvement, resulting in a large amount of electrolyte ions accessing into the electrode materials and subsequently enhancement of their capacitive characteristics.
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    Facile synthesis of hybrid manganese oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotube by two-step electrodeposition for supercapacitor electrode
    (2017-01-01)
    Wanchaem, Thanthamrong
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    Rattanamai, Songsak
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    Dulyaseree, Paweena
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    Khanchaitit, Paisan
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    This work presents a facile synthesis of hybrid manganese oxide and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWCNT) by two-step electrodeposition technique for supercapacitor electrode application. Firstly, MWCNT was deposited onto SS304 substrate by electrophoretic deposition at a constant voltage of 7 V for 5 min. MWCNT solution was prepared using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SBDS) as a surfactant. Next, MnO<inf>x</inf> was deposited onto the pre-deposited MWCNT/SS304 substrate by galvanostatic electrodeposition using 0.1 M manganese sulfate (MnSO<inf>4</inf>) solution as a precursor. The electrodeposition condition was set at a constant current of 1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> for 5-15 min. Nanosheet array of MnO<inf>x</inf> was formed uniformly on MWCNT. At the deposition time of 10 min, the thickness of MnO<inf>x</inf> nanosheet was approximately 40 nm. Hybrid MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWCNT was characterized its electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy. Hybrid MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWCNT shows an improved specific capacitance of 267.03 F·g<sup>-1</sup> with a series resistance of 5.17 Ω, surpassing electrode material with only MnO<inf>x</inf> or MWCNT. The high specific capacitance would be ascribed to the integration of MWCNT and MnO<inf>x</inf> functions. MWCNT may act as a platform for MnO<inf>x</inf> deposition, resulting in an increase in electrochemically active surface area of MnO<inf>x</inf>. The obtained results indicate that this two-step electrodeposition method allows tailor-made hybrid materials with nanoscale control without using harsh and toxic chemicals or high synthesis temperature.
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    Supercapacitor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes/carbon black composites-coated wooden sheet
    (2014-01-01)
    Dulyaseree, Paweena
    ;
    Jarernboon, Wirat
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    Supercapacitor consists of two carbon electrodes and wooden sheet as a separator. Three types of carbon electrodes were prepared; carbon black (CB), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and composites of MWNTs and CB (MWNTs-CB). Electrode pastes were coated on both sides of wooden sheet. The thickness of wooden sheet was varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. The morphology of CB, MWNTs and MWNTs-CB were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The supercapacitor performance was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques. Among carbon electrode materials, MWNTs-CB shows the highest specific capacitance. The high specific capacitance of MWNTs-CB may be due to the high surface area of MWNTs incorporated with CB acting as spacer for MWNTs agglomeration protection and electrolyteelectrode accessibility improvement. Moreover, wooden sheet with a thickness of 2 mm shows the highest specific capacitance.
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    Optimized manganese oxide nanosheet/manganese oxide thin film/ multiwalled carbon nanotubes as hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitors
    (2017-01-01)
    Rattanamai, Songsak
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    Dulyaseree, Paweena
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    Wanchaem, Thanthumrong
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    Manganese oxide nanosheet/manganese oxide thin film/multiwalled carbon nanotubes(s-MnO<inf>x</inf>/f-MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWNTs) were used as hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor application. Supercapacitor performance based on these hybrid materials was optimized by varying morphologies of s-MnO<inf>x</inf>. Firstly, a MWNT paste was coated onto nickel (Ni) foam and subsequently f-MnO<inf>x</inf> was deposited onto the pre-coated MWNTs/Ni foam by galvanostatic (GS) mode of electrodeposition technique at a constant current of 1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> using 0.1 M KMnO<inf>4</inf> as a precursor with a fix deposited time of 5 min. Finally, s-MnO<inf>x</inf> was deposited onto the prepared f-MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWNTs/Ni foam by GS mode of electrodeposition technique at a constant current of 1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> using 0.1 M KMnO<inf>4</inf> as precursor with different deposited times of 10, 15 and 20 min. Each hybrid s-MnO<inf>x</inf>/f-MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWNTs electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The s-MnO<inf>x</inf>/f-MnO<inf>x</inf>/MWNTs electrode prepared by 15-min-deposited s-MnO<inf>x</inf> shows the highest specific capacitance. The capacitance improvement is attributed to the increase of electrode surface area.