Gleeson, Duangkamol

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Comparison of feline and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase enzymes through chemical screening and computational analysis
(2024-05-01)
Thammajong, Phanicha
;
Aiebchun, Thitinan
;
Boonyarattanakalin, Kanokthip
;
Gleeson, Duangkamol
;
Pobsuk, Nattakarn
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a common infection found in domesticated and wild cats worldwide. Despite the wealth of therapeutic understanding of the disease in humans, considerably less information exists regarding the treatment of the disease in felines. Current treatment relies on drugs developed for the related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and includes compounds of the popular non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) class. This is despite FIV-RT being only 67% similar to HIV-1 RT at the enzyme level, increasing to 88% for the allosteric pocket targeted by NNRTIs. The goal of this project was to try to quantify how well the more extensive pharmacological knowledge available for human disease translates to felines. To this end we screened known NNRTIs and 10 diverse pyrimidine analogs identified virtually. We use this chemo-centric probe approach to (a) assess the similarity between the two related RT targets based on the observed experimental inhibition values, (b) try to identify more potent inhibitors at FIV, and (c) gain a better appreciation of the structure–activity relationships (SAR). We found the correlation between IC<inf>50</inf>s at the two targets to be strong (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.87) and identified compound 1 as the most potent inhibitor of FIV with IC<inf>50</inf> of 0.030 μM ± 0.009. This compared to FIV IC<inf>50</inf> values of 0.22 ± 0.17 μM, 0.040 ± 0.010 μM and >160 μM for known anti HIV-1 RT drugs Efavirenz, Rilpivirine, and Nevirapine, respectively. This knowledge, along with an understanding of the structural origin that give rise to any differences could improve the way HIV drugs are repurposed for FIV.
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Design, preparation and biological evaluation of new Rociletinib-inspired analogs as irreversible EGFR inhibitors to treat non-small-cell-lung cancer
(2024-11-01)
Konsue, Adchata
;
Lamtha, Thomanai
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Gleeson, Duangkamol
;
Jones, Donald J.L.
;
Britton, Robert G.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase has been implicated in the uncontrolled cell growth associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This has prompted the development of 3 generations of EGFR inhibitors over the last 2 decades due to the rapid development of drug resistance issues caused by clinical mutations, including T790M, L858R and the double mutant T790M & L858R. In this work we report the design, preparation and biological assessment of new irreversible 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based inhibitors of EGFR kinase. Twenty new compounds have been prepared and evaluated which incorporate a range of electrophilic moieties. These include acrylamide, 2-chloroacetamide and (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide, to allow reaction with residue Cys797. In addition, more polar groups have been incorporated to provide a better balance of physical properties than clinical candidate Rociletinib. Inhibitory activities against EGFR wildtype (WT) and EGFR T790M & L858R have been evaluated along with cytotoxicity against EGFR-overexpressing (A549, A431) and normal cell lines (HepG2). Selectivity against JAK3 kinase as well as physicochemical properties determination (logD<inf>7.4</inf> and phosphate buffer solubility) have been used to profile the compounds. We have identified 20, 21 and 23 as potent mutant EGFR inhibitors (≤20 nM), with comparable or better selectivity over WT EGFR, and lower activity at JAK3, than Osimertinib or Rociletinib. Compounds 21 displayed the best combination of EGFR mutant activity, JAK3 selectivity, cellular activity and physicochemical properties. Finally, kinetic studies on 21 were performed, confirming a covalent mechanism of action at EGFR.
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Computationally guided design of N4-(2-methyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)-N2-phenylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine inhibitors of EGFR kinase targeting Cys797
(2026-03-01)
Konsue, Adchata
;
Gleeson, Duangkamol
;
Choowongkomon, Kiattawee
;
Jones, Donald J.L.
;
Hannanta-anan, Pimkhuan
The epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) implicated in the uncontrolled growth of non-small cell lung cancer. EGFR-TK inhibitors have been used extensively, however inhibitor resistance often develops leading to disease progression. In this work, we report the computationally guided design and preparation of novel covalent 2,4-diaminopyrimidine EGFR-TK inhibitors, inspired by Osimertinib. Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations were performed on novel designs incorporating a 2-methyl-2H-indazol-6-amine at the 4-position of pyrimidine as well as various linkers and electrophiles. Calculations suggested swapping the 5-pyrimidine -H atom for -Cl would lead to a preferential “out” ligand conformation that favored T790M enzyme which was later confirmed experimentally. Compound 19 was the most potent inhibitor of WT EGFR (3.0 nM) observed, more potent than the EGFR WT inhibitor Erlotinib (5.9 nM). Compounds 48 and 49 demonstrated better activity for the double-mutant EGFR (3.0 & 2.0 nM, respectively) than Osimertinib (12.8 nM). The selectivity of these compounds for the DM was found to be comparable to Osimertinib (∼20 fold) while their phosphate buffer solubilities were > 50-fold better than both marketed drugs. Kinetic evaluation of 48 (propenamide moiety) vs 49 (acrylamide electrophile) confirms k<inf>inact</inf>/K<inf>i</inf> values consistent with a covalent mode of action for the latter, but not the former. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Gleeson, Duangkamol

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