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    CFD prediction of mixing performance for circular and non-circular jet mixing tanks
    Our previous CFD predictions of the circular, elliptic, and square jet mixing tanks were re-analyzed to investigate the highest performance jet mixing tank design and the appropriate mixing performance criterion. So, the mixing performance indicated by overall mixing time and maximum mixing time criteria of these jet mixing tanks was compared. These CFD predictions were carefully developed by using our previous reliable jet mixing tank CFD model. For model validation, reasonable agreement between the predicted mixing times and measurements was observed. The results revealed that circular and non-circular jet flow phenomena were significantly different in the near field jet regions. Further, the elliptic jet mixing tank provided the highest mixing performance because of its highest entrainment and turbulence kinetic energy near the jet boundary. Finally, it can be concluded that the maximum mixing time criterion is a suitable mixing performance indicator.
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    CFD modelling of pump-around jet mixing tanks: a discrepancy in concentration profiles
    Jet mixing tanks are important in chemical processes. Over the past two decades or so, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been employed to study jet mixers. The shortfalls of the previous CFD models were the discrepancy in concentration profiles between simulation and experiment and the absence of exact inlet turbulence conditions. So, in our present work, the CFD model was developed to investigate the proper conditions for jet mixing tank simulation and improve the accuracy of concentration profile prediction by using an appropriate grid arrangement, a realizable k-epsilon model, and a second-order upwind discretization scheme. The results revealed that the CFD model with proper inlet conditions predicted the overall mixing time well and somewhat improved the predicted concentration profiles. Further, the reasons for discrepancies in concentration profiles were inappropriate inlet turbulence conditions and overprediction in total momentum available for mixing due to the flat top liquid surface assumption. In addition, this discrepancy may be caused by the dynamic response of concentration measuring device.
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    Fracture toughness of a silane coupled polymer-metal interface: Silane concentration effects
    (2005-03-01)
    Berry, Douglas H.
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    Fracture toughness of joints made from a glassy, 343,000 molecular weight poly-styrene block bonded to chromic-sulfuric acid etched or phosphoric acid anodized aluminum are investigated. The fracture tests are performed with a 90-degree peel apparatus under "dry" laboratory conditions and "wet" conditions created by submerging the apparatus in a temperature controlled water bath. The bond strengths are controlled using various concentrations of styrl silane coupling agent added directly into the styrene monomer solution that polymerizes against the aluminum. Ellipsometric measurements on smooth silicon surfaces verify that the thickness of bound polymer is controlled by the silane to polystyrene mole ratio. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of fractured surfaces indicates that the fracture is near the aluminum surface. Both the wet and dry fracture energy as a function of bound polymer thickness on acid etched aluminum joints resemble quite closely the adhesion literature results obtained by fracturing pairs of fused, immiscible glassy polymers. Reasons for this similarity are discussed. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.
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    Effect of Curing Parameter on the Mechanical Properties and Bond Strength at Propellant-Liner Interfaces in Rocket Motors
    (2025-01-01)
    Kitinirunkul, Thirapat
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    Boonyarat, Paisarn
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    Khumchoo, Wasan
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    This study investigates the effect of curing parameters (Rt) on the mechanical properties and bond strength of propellants and liners in rocket motors compared to the design values. The optimal curing parameters for the propellant and liner in interface bonding were identified. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was used as the binder, while toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was employed as the curing agent. Various curing parameters were tested, with Rt values for the propellant (0.75 to 1.55) and liner (0.90 to 1.70). The results showed that the best mechanical properties for the liner and propellant were achieved at Rt values of 0.90 and 1.11, respectively. Subsequent interface bonding tests and analyses determined the optimal curing parameters to be 0.90 for the liner and 1.15 for the propellant. These optimal parameters resulted in a bond strength of 0.75 MPa, with the mechanical properties of the propellant and liner exceeding the required design values. The findings from this study can be utilized to enhance the manufacturing process of rocket motors and ensure their reliable performance.
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    Scrubbed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Vitamin E Concentrate
    (2022-01-01)
    Soontornchatchawate, Amnart
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    Chintanalert, Supachai
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    Kitchaiya, Prakob
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    Vitamin E (VitE) production from crude palm oil (CPO) has been extensively studied and industrially conducted. VitE in CPO is in the range of 600 to 1,000 ppm, and is usually produced from one of the main by-products of edible palm oil production, namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD contains 4,000 to 5,500 ppm of VitE, and is produced from deodorization process of palm oil purification. This paper presents an innovative process of VitE concentrate production from CPO. A scrubber was designed and installed between the deodorizer and conventional PFAD scrubber. The main objective of this new scrubber was a recovery of glycerides from PFAD. This new scrubber is operated at 150 to 160℃. The scrubbed oil is named as Scrubbed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (S-PFAD). This simple and efficient modified process can retrieve glycerides as S-PFAD at 0.3% recovery and it enhances VitE concentration in S-PFAD to the range of 28,000 to 32,000 ppm, which is the highest concentration of VitE that has ever been produced in the palm oil production. Fatty acids and glycerides in S-PFAD were esterified and transesterified to methyl esters. The methyl esters were evaporated from S-PFAD, and S-PFAD residue oil contained 24.7% VitE.
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    A New Viscosity Model for Non–Newtonian Fluids: Part I – Physical Characteristics of Its Mathematical Description
    (2024-01-01)
    Seethao, Tupthai
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    This research introduces a numerical approach for constructing a viscosity model, utilizing the power law model to illustrate the behavior of shear–thinning fluids in relation to fluid flow parameters. The developed viscosity model was integrated into a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool and its performance was assessed by comparing predictions with experimental data from literature, as well as with various viscosity models such as power law, Sisko, Cross power law, and Bird–Carreau viscosity models. The results, along with the additional correlation obtained from a 100:1 planar channel flow simulation, demonstrated stability and efficiency.