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    Kinetics and thermodynamics of thermal decomposition of synthetic AlPO 4•2H2O
    (2009-12-01) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    The non-isothermal kinetics of dehydration of AlPO<inf>4</inf>•2H <inf>2</inf>O was studied in dynamic air atmosphere by TG-DTG-DTA at different heating rates. The result implies an important theoretical support for preparing AlPO<inf>4</inf>. The AlPO<inf>4</inf>•2H<inf>2</inf>O decomposes in two step reactions occurring in the range of 80-150 °C. The activation energy of the second dehydration reaction of AlPO<inf>4</inf>•2H<inf>2</inf>O as calculated by Kissinger method was found to be 69.68 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, while the Avrami exponent value was 1.49. The results confirmed the elimination of water of crystallization, which related with the crystal growth mechanism. The thermodynamic functions (ΔH*, ΔG*and ΔS*) of the dehydration reaction are calculated by the activated complex theory. These values in the dehydration step showed that it is directly related to the introduction of heat and is non-spontaneous process. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
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    A simple synthesis and room temperature magnetic properties of new binary Mn0.5Fe0.5(H2PO4)2·xH2O obtained from a rapid co-precipitation at ambient temperature
    (2009-02-01) ;
    Maensiri, Santi
    ;
    Youngme, Sujittra
    ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    A new binary Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Fe<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O powder was synthesized by simple and cost-effective method using phosphoric acid, manganese and iron metals as starting chemicals. The synthesized solid shows the complex thermal transformations and the final decomposition product is a new binary manganese iron cyclo-tetraphosphate, MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>. The X-ray diffraction and FTIR results indicate that the synthesized new binary Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Fe<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O and the decomposition MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> powders are a pure monoclinic phase with space group P2<inf>1</inf>/n (Z = 2) and C2/c (Z = 4), respectively. The particle morphologies of Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Fe<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O and MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> powders appear as the rod-like tetragonal shape and show a high agglomeration of small particles, which are similar to the case of Mn(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O and Fe<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, respectively. Room temperature magnetization results show a ferromagnetic behavior of the Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Fe<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O and MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> powders, having the hysteresis loops in the range of -10,000 Oe < H < +10,000 Oe with the specific magnetization values of 25.63 and 13.14 emu/g at 10 kOe, respectively. The lower magnetizations of Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Fe<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O and MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> than those of Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O and Fe<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> powders indicate the presence of Mn ions in substitution position of Fe ions. © 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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    A simple route to synthesize nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles using egg white
    (2007-05-01)
    Maensiri, Santi
    ;
    Masingboon, Chivalrat
    ;
    ;
    Seraphin, Supapan
    NiFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and cost-effective method using Ni and Fe nitrates and freshly extracted egg white (ovalbumin) in an aqueous medium. The X-ray diffraction and selected-area electron diffraction results indicated that the synthesized nanoparticles have only the inverse spinel structure without the presence of any other phase impurities. Room temperature magnetization results showed a ferromagnetic behavior of the NiFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> nanoparticles, with saturation-specific magnetization values in the range of 26.4-42.5 emu/g at 10 kOe. © 2006 Acta Materialia Inc.
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    Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the formation of Mn 2P2O7 by thermal decomposition of Mn(H 2PO2)2·H2O
    (2009-03-12)
    Noisong, Pittayagorn
    ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    ;
    The kinetic properties in terms of activation energies and pre-exponential factors of two decomposition stages of Mn(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>2</inf>) <inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O were calculated through the isoconversional method of Kissinger. The calculated results were further used to calculate some transition-state thermodynamic functions (ΔH<sup>‡</sup>, ΔS<sup>‡</sup>, ΔG<sup>‡</sup>) of the transition-state complex according to the transition-state complex theory of Erying. Kinetic and thermodynamic results are consistent with the indication that the two steps are nonspontaneous before the introduction of heat is involved. The Avrami constant, n, of the two decomposition steps was calculated and interpreted to be responsible for the mechanism of 1D growth decomposition, which is a nucleation controlled mechanism. Vibrational frequencies of breaking bonds in two stages were estimated and assigned by comparison with the observed FTIR spectra. The results exhibit a very close correlation between calculated and observed values. © 2009 American Chemical Society.
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    Parallelogram-like microparticles of calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O) obtained by a rapid precipitation route in aqueous and acetone media
    (2009-08-12)
    Calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate (Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) was prepared by a rapid and simple precipitation method using CaCO<inf>3</inf> and H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf> in aqueous and acetone media at ambient temperature. The thermal transformation of the synthesized Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O at 500 °C was obtained to be CaP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>6</inf> occurred through the dehydration and the phosphate condensation reactions, as revealed by thermoanalytical techniques (TG/DTG/DTA). The synthesized Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O and its decomposition product CaP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>6</inf> were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal behavior and the morphology of the synthesized Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O in aqueous and acetone media are compared with those of other works. The SEM micrograph of Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O show parallelogram-like microparticles containing small and large grain sizes. The aqueous and acetone media are proposed to play an important role in the synthetic process of calcium phosphates in exhibiting different physical properties, which are important for specific applications. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Study of the dehydration of Co(H2PO4) 2-2H2O
    (2009-04-09) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    The thermal transformation of Co(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> 2H<inf>2</inf>O was studied under a dry air atmosphere using TG-DTG-DTA. The TG-DTG-DTA curves show that the transformation occurs in three steps, which are dehydration processes. Co(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> · 2H<inf>2</inf>O and its thermal transformation product were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-vis near-IR techniques. The nonisothermal kinetics of Co(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> · 2H<inf>2</inf>O was studied by means of the Kissinger method. The specificity of the thermal transformation was characterized by identification of the bonds to be selectively activated because of energy absorption at the vibrational level, which are confirmed by the comparison of calculated wavenumbers and observed wavenumbers of the FTIR spectra. The activated complex theory has been applied to each step of the reactions, and the thermodynamic functions δH <sup>≠</sup>, δG<sup>≠</sup>, and δS<sup>≠</sup> are calculated. These values for three stages showed that they are connected with the introduction of heat and are nonspontaneous processes. © 2009 American Chemical Society.
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    Non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized using egg white solution route
    (2009-01-01) ;
    Maensiri, Santi
    The thermal decomposition kinetics of nickel ferrite (NiFe <inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>) precursor prepared using egg white solution route in dynamical air atmosphere was studied by means of TG with different heating rates. The activation energy (E <inf>α</inf>) values of one reaction process were estimated using the methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), which were found to be consistent. The dependent activation energies on extent of conversions of the decomposition reaction indicate "multi-step" processes. XRD, SEM and FTIR showed that the synthesized NiFe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf> precursor after calcination at 773 K has a pure spinel phase, having particle sizes of ~54 ± 29 nm. © 2009 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.
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    Simple synthesis, magnetic properties, and nonisothermal decomposition kinetics of Fe(H2PO4)2 · 2H2O
    (2008-10-15) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    ;
    Youngme, Sujittra
    ;
    Maensiri, Santi
    Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O was synthesized by a simple and cost-effective method using iron metal and phosphoric acid as starting chemicals. The thermal transformation products from the synthesized Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> · 2H <inf>2</inf>O according to the thermal treatment at 423 and 673 K were found to be FeH<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> and Fe<inf>2</inf>P <inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>, respectively. The activation energies of decomposition reaction of Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>· 2H<inf>2</inf>O were calculated through the isoconversional methods of Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. The synthesized Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>) <inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O and its thermal transformation products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy. Room-temperature magnetization results showed a ferromagnetic behavior of the Fe(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H <inf>2</inf>O and its thermal transformation products. The hysteresis loops were in the range -10000 Oe < H < + 10000 Oe, and the strong specific magnetization values were in the range 32.25-96.28 emu/g at 10 kOe. © 2008 American Chemical Society.
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    Thermal decomposition kinetics of FePO4·3H2O precursor to synthetize spherical nanoparticles FePO4
    (2007-12-19) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    The thermal decomposition of iron phosphate trihydrate FePO <inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O was investigated in air using TG-DTG/DTA. The FePO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O decomposes in two steps, and the final decomposition product (FePO<inf>4</inf>) was studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The activation energies of the second dehydration reaction of FePO<inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O were calculated through the isoconversional methods of Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and the possible conversion functions have been estimated through the Coats-Redfern method. The specificity of thermal decomposition was characterized by identification of the bonds to be selectively activated due to energy absorption at the vibrational level, which was assigned by comparing the calculated wavenumbers with the observed wavenumbers in FTIR spectra. The kinetic model that better describes the second reaction of dehydration for FePO <inf>4</inf>·3H<inf>2</inf>O is the F<inf>n</inf> model as a simple n-order reaction, and the corresponding function is xc4(α) = (1-α)<sup>2.50</sup> and g(α) = -[1-(1-α)<sup>-1.50</sup>/(1. 50)]. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
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    Rapid coprecipitation and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of new binary Mn0.5CU0.5(H2PO4) 2·1.5H2O
    (2008-05-07) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    New binary metal dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Cu <inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·1.5H <inf>2</inf>O was synthesized by a rapid and simple coprecipitation method using phosphoric acid, manganese metal, and copper oxide at ambient temperature. The thermal stability of Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Cu<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO <inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·1.5H<inf>2</inf>O was studied by means of the non-isothermal kinetics (Kissinger method). The synthesized Mn <inf>0.5</inf>Cu<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>· 1.5H<inf>2</inf>O shows complex thermal transformations, and its final decomposition product was a binary metal cyclotetraphosphate, MnCuP <inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-vis-near-IR, and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) results of the synthesized Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Cu<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>) <inf>2</inf>·1.5H<inf>2</inf>O and the decomposed MnCuP<inf>4</inf>O <inf>12</inf> appear to be very similar to those of M(H<inf>2</inf>PO <inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O and M<inf>2</inf>P <inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> (M = Mn and Cu), which indicate the monoclinic phase with space group P2<inf>1</inf>/n and C2/c, respectively. The dominant features of the synthesized Mn<inf>0.5</inf>Cu<inf>0.5</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO <inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·1.5H<inf>2</inf>O and the decomposition product MnCuP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> are compared with those of M(H <inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O and M <inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> (M = Cu and Mn), respectively. © 2008 American Chemical Society.