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    Linear Variable Differential Transformer Signal Conditioning Circuit Based on Phase-Locked Loop
    The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel technique for extracting the position signal from an inductive displacement transducer named a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). In general, the movement of the LVDT core causes its primary inductance change in linear form. The primary winding of the LVDT is used as a time-dependent element for the triangular and square wave generator, which can be called self-oscillation, to generate frequency. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it can measure the displacement using the LVDT without an external oscillator. The change in primary inductance causes the frequency deviation generated by the oscillator. The deviated frequency is captured and converted into a voltage signal using the principle of the phase-locked loop. All the components used in this study are commercially available. The merits of this proposed technique are simple configuration, small size, and low cost. Moreover, the operating range of the LVDT can be extended without the limitation of the nonlinear transfer characteristic. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by experimental implementation. Experimental results show that the maximum error from the proposed technique is about 0.42% and the operating range of the LVDT can be extended to more than 200%. It can be seen that the proposed technique is suitable for embedded measurement in small or micro robots.
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    Temperature Compensation for Transformer-type Transducer
    A novel technique to compensate the temperature effect of a transformer-type transducer is proposed in this paper. The effect of the ambient temperature on the transformer-type transducer is investigated from a primary-winding current. The advantage of the proposed technique is that the temperature effect is compensated without requiring a temperature sensor, making it suitable for applications in robotic and automation systems operated in harsh environments. The primary-winding current of the transducer is generated using a second-generation current conveyor (CCII). The excitation signal of the transformer-type transducer is driven by the CCII and the current flowing through the primary winding is transferred to an output signal of the CCII. The deviation of the primary-winding current due to the temperature effect is evaluated from the output signal of the CCII. The temperature effect on the transducer is manipulated by a closed-loop principle using a subtract-and-sum action instead of a traditional proportional-plusintegral action to eliminate the deviation of the primary-winding current. Therefore, the temperature effect on the transducer is compensated. A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is used to demonstrate the proposed technique, whose performance is discussed in detail and confirmed experimentally. All devices used in this experiment are commercially available. Experimental results show that the measured error of the output signal from the LVDT at 70 C can be reduced from 6.2% without temperature compensation to 0.06% by using the proposed technique, which has the advantages of a low cost, simple configuration, and high performance.
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    Accurate LVDT signal converter
    A novel technique to implement a signal converter for an inductive displacement transducer, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), is proposed in this paper. The technique is based on the use of the proposed peak-amplitude finder and the zero-order sample and hold circuit (ZSH) instead of the synchronous demodulator used in traditional approach. The advantage of this technique is that the phase shift due to the dominant pole of the low-pass filter used in the traditional synchronous demodulator is avoided. Therefore, the fast response time of the proposed LVDT signal converter is achieved. The core displacement signal, which is varied in proportion to the position of the moving core of the LVDT, is accurately extracted to directcurrent (DC) voltage signal. The reference signal used to generate the control signal for the ZSH is directly provided by the output signal of the LVDT to prevent the phase shift caused by the LVDT structure. Performances of the proposed technique are discussed in detail and confirmed by the experimental demonstration using commercial devices. The purpose of the proposed technique is emphasized in terms of high accuracy, fast response, simple configuration and low cost.
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    Linear-range extension for linear variable differential transformer using binomial series
    (2020-01-01) ; ;
    Tongcharoen, Jakkapun
    ;
    The linear-range extension technique for a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is described in this paper. Generally, the LVDT has a narrow linear operating range caused by its nonlinear transfer characteristic. To extend the linear operating range, the nonlinear behavior of the LVDT must be adjusted. In this paper, the circuit building block providing the LVDT inverse transfer characteristic using binomial series approximation is proposed for linearizing the nonlinear behavior of the LVDT. The third-order inverse transfer characteristic of the LVDT is synthesized from analog multipliers and a difference amplifier comprising an operational amplifier (opamp). All active devices used in this study are commercially available. Therefore, the attraction of the proposed technique is in the simple configuration and low cost, making it suitable for an embedded measurement system. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail. Simulation and experimental results confirming the performance are also included. As a result, the linear range of the commercial LVDT used in this study can be extended more than 500%. The full scale error of the measured value is about 0.23% over the entire operating range.
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    A Small Deep Learning Model for Fault Detection of a Broken Rotor Bar of an Induction Motor
    In this paper, we present an investigation of a small deep learning model applied to the detection of a broken rotor bar of an induction motor. The motor current spectrum analysis is the base method for fault detection. This proposed method focuses on the analysis of the modification of the input vector and model configuration. This method was implemented and it showed that the feature length and size of the model are reduced compared with the existing method. The experimental results showed that only feature extraction using the spectral-based method and limit range of its coefficient are adequate to provide accuracy of small deep learning comparable to that of the parallel-layer deep learning model. Likewise, at the same accuracy level, based on the deep learning model, a shorter sampling duration than that required by the reference model is needed.
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    A temperature-compensation technique for improving resolver accuracy
    Variation in the ambient temperature deteriorates the accuracy of a resolver. In this paper, a temperature-compensation technique is introduced to improve resolver accuracy. The ambient temperature causes deviations in the resolver signal; therefore, the disturbed signal is investigated through the change in current in the primary winding of the resolver. For the proposed technique, the primary winding of the resolver is driven by a class-AB output stage of an operational amplifier (opamp), where the primary winding current forms part of the supply current of the opamp. The opamp supply-current sensing technique is used to extract the primary winding current. The error of the resolver signal due to temperature variations is directly evaluated from the supply current of the opamp. Therefore, the proposed technique does not require a temperature-sensitive device. Using the proposed technique, the error of the resolver signal when the ambient temperature increases to 70 °C can be minimized from 1.463% without temperature compensation to 0.017% with temperature compensation. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and is confirmed by experimental implementation using commercial devices. The results show that the proposed circuit can compensate for wide variations in ambient temperature.
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    Extension of Linear Operating Range for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Its Inverse Transfer Characteristic
    An analog circuit technique to realize an inverse transfer characteristic of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is presented in this paper. Practically, the structure of the LVDT causes a narrow linear operating range compared with its full stroke range. However, a large linear operating range requires a huge structure for the LVDT, making it unsuitable for a small or compact measurement system. The proposed technique can be used in a commercial LVDT to extend the linear operating range to its full stroke range. The technique utilizes an inherent behavior of an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) to emulate the LVDT transfer characteristic. The LVDT transfer characteristic generated by the OTA is used as a feedback path of the inverting amplifier formed by an operational amplifier (opamp) to realize the inverse transfer characteristic. The residual error due to the OTA behavior is very small and can be neglected without adversely affecting the performance of the proposed technique. All devices used in the proposed scheme are commercially available. The attractive features of the proposed technique are its simple configuration, small size, low cost, and high accuracy. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail and confirmed by its experimental implementation. Measurement results demonstrate that the linear operating range of the commercial LVDT used in this study can be extended by a factor of more than 2.4, and a fullscale percentage error of about 0.068% was obtained.
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    Temperature Compensation For V/F Converter
    In this article, a method to compensate the temperature effect of voltage to frequency converter (V/F) is presented. Realization technique is based on the use of fre-quency to voltage converter (F/V), which provides the inverse transfer characteristic of V/F converter, in feedback path. The conversion gain of the proposed scheme is identical as a simple V/F converter without effect from feedback con_guration. The frequency derivation due to the change of temperature from 25°C to 60°C can be improved more than 86.4%. Experimental results demonstrated the proposed principle using commercial devices is also included. © 2012 ICIC International.
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    High-accuracy resolver-to-linear signal converter
    A high-accuracy resolver-to-linear signal converter for the measurement of angular displacement is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter comprises two sections: a demodulator and linear shaper. In the first section, the demodulator makes use of the sample-and-hold circuit (SHC) to sample the peak amplitude of the resolver signal. The control signal of the SHC is provided from the resolver signals instead of the excitation signal used in traditional approaches. The proposed demodulator requires no analogue multiplier and low-pass filter. Therefore, the fast response time of the proposed demodulator is achieved. In the second section, the linear shaper consists of the inverse-sine function scheme together with a switched-gain amplifier to produce the linear signal proportional to the shaft angle. The hyperbolic tangent characteristic of the operational transconductance amplifier is utilised to realise the inverse-sine function scheme. The proposed technique requires one phase of the resolver signal to obtain the linear signal. Therefore, the position error caused by amplitude imbalance between the two resolver signals is avoided. The performances of the proposed converter are discussed in detail and demonstrated by an experimental implementation using commercial devices. The experimental results show that the maximum relative error and response time for the excitation frequency of 3 kHz are measured as 0.06% and 0.11 ms, respectively.
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