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    A novel strategy to reduce overwintering inoculum of Monilinia laxa
    (2014-10-02) ;
    Jeffries, Peter
    ;
    Xu, Xiang Ming
    Brown rot on cherry and plum, caused by Monilinia laxa, is an important disease, for which overwintered mummified fruit is a significant inoculum source for infection of flowers and fruit in the spring. Experiments were conducted to assess the potential of applying plant protection products in winter and/or early spring to suppress sporulation on mummified fruit. Products tested included Indar 5 EW (a commercial fungicide, a.i. fenbuconazole), Aureobasidium pullulans Y126 [a candidate biocontrol agent (BCA)]), Bacillus sp. B91 (a candidate BCA) and Serenade (a commercially formulated BCA of Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713) in addition to control treated with tap water. Indar and A. pullulans Y126 significantly reduced sporulation when applied once in winter. Overall, a single treatment in early spring (February) was slightly more effective than single treatment in winter (November). Application of all products in both winter and early spring led to significant reduction in sporulation. Indar had the highest efficacy, reducing the number of spores from 9 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 5 × 10<sup>3</sup> per mummified plum when applied twice. Of the three BCAs applied on both occasions, A. pullulans Y126 had the highest efficacy, reducing the number of spores from 9 × 10<sup>5</sup> to 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> per mummified plum. There were no synergistic but additive effects between the two applications in winter and early spring based on the Bliss independence test. These results suggest that reducing overwintering inoculum in dormant season is effective and may be part of an integrated management strategy for brown rot on stone fruit.
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    Nocardia xestospongiae sp. nov., isolated from a marine sponge in the Andaman sea
    (2017-05-01) ; ; ;
    Tanasupawat, Somboon
    A marine sponge-derived actinomycete, strain ST01-07<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from Xestospongia sp. collected from the Andaman Sea. The strain was characterised taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan, whole-cell sugars were arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. Mycolic acids that co-migrated with those from Nocardia araoensis NBRC 100135<sup>T</sup> were observed in whole-cell extracts. MK-8(H<inf>4ω-cycl</inf>) was the predominant menaquinone. Major cellular fatty acids were C<inf>17: 1</inf>ω8c, C<inf>16: 0</inf> and C<inf>17: 0</inf>. The diagnostic phospholipids in the cell consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain ST01-07<sup>T</sup> belonged to the genus Nocardia and was most closely related to N. araoensis IFM 0575<sup>T</sup> (98.71% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nocardia niwae W9241<sup>T</sup> (98.56%), Nocardia beijingensis AS4.1521<sup>T</sup> (98.41%) and Nocardia arthritidis IFM 10035<sup>T</sup> (98.36%). In addition, low DNA–DNA relatedness values (13.6±0.1% to 40.1±0.6%) confirmed that strain ST01-07<sup>T</sup> represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia xestospongiae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is ST01-07<sup>T</sup> (=BCC 45622<sup>T</sup>=NBRC 109069<sup>T</sup>).
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    Isolation and evaluation of biocontrol agents in controlling anthracnose disease of mango in Thailand
    (2016-07-01)
    The agricultural based economy is a core business in Thailand and food export is one of the main sources of income for the Thai population. However, pesticides are overused and misused. As a result there is an urgent need to reduce the use of synthetic chemicals. Biological control offers an alternative to the use of pesticides. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is widely planted in Thailand and is one of the major cash crops for international export. However, mango suffers from various diseases especially anthracnose, a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. One hundred and twelve isolates of epiphytic microbes were isolated from healthy leaves and fruits of mangoes; this included 93 and 19 isolates of epiphytic bacteria and yeasts, respectively. They were screened for bioactivity against a pathogenic strain of C. gloeosporioides isolated from diseased mangoes using a dual culture technique. Out of 112 isolates, eight isolates exhibited at least 60% inhibition. These isolates were further screened for their inhibition on mango using fruit inoculation. Two isolates reduced the lesion sizes caused by C. gloeosporioides compared to control treatment. These two isolates, based on phenotypical and biochemical tests, were identified as Bacillus sp. MB61 and Bacillus sp. LB72.
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    Lauriomyces, a New Lineage in the Leotiomycetes with Three New Species
    (2017-06-01)
    Somrithipol, Sayanh
    ;
    Jones, E. B.Gareth
    ;
    Bahkali, A. H.
    ;
    Suetrong, Satinee
    ;
    Sommai, Sujinda
    Lauriomyces is an anamorphic genus comprising nine species, found growing on terrestrial leaf litter and wood in tropical habitats. The genus is characterized by solitary or synnematous, pigmented conidiophores bearing acropetal chains of unicellular, hyaline conidia.Amultigene (SSU, LSU & 5.8S) analysis of Lauriomyces strains reveal three cryptic new species, which are described, illustrated, and published here: L. acerosus, L. basitruncatus, and L. glumateus spp. nov. Lauriomyces glumateus is characterized by narrowly oval conidia while conidia of L. acerosus are cylindrical with acute ends and those of L. basitruncatus are cylindrical with truncate base. The nine Lauriomyces species sampled form a monophyletic clade in the Leotiomycetes, with high molecular support and all with a morphology typical for the genus. The new combination Dematioscypha catenata is made for Haplographium catenatum in compliance with the one name protocol.