Now showing 1 - 10 of 14
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    Item type:Publication,
    Reliability Test Techniques in Tabu Search Detection for Enhancing BER Performance of Array Reader Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording Systems
    (2026-01-01)
    Mattayakan, Mutita
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    ; ;
    Bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) at ultra-high densities is strongly affected by inter-track interference (ITI). To cope with severe ITI, we introduce a reliability-testing mechanism with adaptive symmetric thresholding based on the distribution of log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) to effectively identify unreliable bits while controlling the computational complexity of the Tabu search (TS) detector. Additionally, the selected bits identified from the TS detection are employed to refine the original LLR values through a proposed soft-information adjustment (SIA) process. Moreover, we also present an LLR weighting scheme to further enhance the refined LLRs produced by the SIA process, thereby improving the performance of low-density parity-check decoding. Results indicate that our proposed technique can reduce the complexity of the TS detector by using a reliability-testing mechanism. The SIA can be effectively combined with an LLR weighting scheme, thereby improving bit-error rate performance over conventional BPMR systems.
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    Track Misregistration Estimation Technique Based on Hybrid K-Means and EM Algorithm in Bit-Patterned Media Recording Systems
    (2025-01-01)
    Kochcha, Pijit
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    Track misregistration (TMR) in ultrahigh density bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) is a significant issue, severely degrading system performance. Although TMR can be managed by a servo control loop, this article proposes a hybrid TMR mitigation method based on K-means and expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms to enhance TMR prediction accuracy and improve bit-error-rate (BER) in multihead/multitrack BPMR systems. This method utilizes 2-D equalizer and 1-D generalized partial response (GPR) target coefficients for the soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) detector according to the estimated TMR level to mitigate this effect. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system significantly outperforms conventional systems, especially under high TMR conditions. The hybrid approach achieves high TMR estimation accuracy and delivers BER performance close to an ideal system with perfect TMR estimation, showing up to a 1.25 dB improvement in BER over systems without TMR mitigation. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the hybrid K-means-EM-based TMR estimator in enhancing system performance under various conditions.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Track Mis-registration Correction Method in Two-Head Two-Track BPMR Systems
    (2020-06-01) ;
    Busyatras, Wiparat
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    One of the main problems in a Bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) system at an ultra-high areal density is the effect of track mis-registration (TMR), which can severely degrade the system's performance. Practically, the TMR effect is controlled by the servo system. That requires some areas of record to store redundancy bits. In this paper, we propose a simple linear energy ratio finding (SLERF) technique using only the two readback signals for estimating the TMR level in two- head/two-track (2H2T) BPMR systems, which unrequired the extravagant redundancy bits. Next, we utilize the appropriate equalizers, which are accordingly designed with the estimated TMR levels, to correct the TMR effect. Moreover, we also propose a soft-information adjustment (SIA) technique that operates after obtaining the soft-information from the two-dimensional soft-output Viterbi algorithm (2D-SOVA) detectors in order to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of recording systems. Computer simulation reveals that the SLERF and SIA techniques can impressively estimate the TMR levels and further effectively correct the TMR effect as well, respectively. Therefore, it leads to obtaining better BER performance in particular where the system is impaired by position jitter noise.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Track Misregistration Mitigation Using CNN-Based Method on Single-Reader/Two-Track Reading BPMR Systems
    One of the problems that cause a decrease in the performance of the ultra-high bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) system is track misregistration (TMR). Since the gap between data tracks is extremely narrow, it easily affects keeping the reader in the desired position. Therefore, this paper proposes the track misregistration mitigation included the estimation and correction techniques on single-reader/two-track reading (SRTR) BPMR using only a readback signal. The TMR estimation technique uses the convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate the TMR level by the histograms of the readback signal enabling minimization of the complexity of the CNN structure and amount of training time. The estimated TMR levels obtained from the proposed CNN-histogram-based method will then be utilized to detect the estimated recorded bit by the CNN-based data detector. The simulation shows that our proposed system provides better TMR prediction accuracy even though the system has to face higher media noise. Furthermore, the CNN-based data detectors perform superior to the partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) based data detector, especially in strong electronic noise situations and the severe imperfection of recording media.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Multilayer Perceptron-Based Soft-Information Modification Technique for Double-Layer Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording Systems
    (2024-01-01)
    Sawangarom, Visawa
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    The growing demand for data storage necessitates continuous improvements in hard disk drive (HDD) technologies. Double-layer magnetic recording (DLMR) and bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) technologies are pivotal in enhancing areal density (AD), but they also introduce challenges such as inter-layer interference (ILl) and two-dimensional (2D) inter-ference. This study addresses these challenges by integrating a multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based soft-information modifier into the double-layer BPMR system. The proposed method optimizes the log-likelihood ratio sequence for the recorded tracks on the second recording layer, which are more prone to interference compared with the first recording layer. Our simulations demonstrate significant improvements in bit-error-rate performance across varying levels of media noise and track misregistration. The results also indicate that the MLP-based approach effectively mitigates the adverse effects of interference, thereby enhancing the reliability of data retrieval in high-AD HDD systems.
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    Optimal Array-Reader and Track Misregistration Mitigation Method in a Three-Reader/Four-Track Reading Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording System
    (2020-01-01) ;
    Buajong, Chaiwat
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    Track misregistration (TMR) is one of several problems in ultrahigh areal density bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) systems, in which the distances between bit-islands are very narrow in both cross-track and down-track directions.Unfortunately,distance reduction leads to intersymbol interference and intertrack interference (ITI) effects,which cause system performance degradation. To deal with these effects, we develop the optimal position of an array-reader based on a three-reader/four-track reading BPMR system that is combined with a simple two-dimensional rate-3/4 modulation code and ITI subtraction technique,which delivers the best avoidance of the ITI effect from sidetracks.We model TMR estimation and mitigation methods using readback signals that are obtained from the optimal array-readers to improve bit error rate (BER) performance.The variance-ratio of these readback signals is used to estimating the TMR levels,whereas a pair of the target’s and equalizer’s coefficients,accordingly designed to the estimated TMR levels,is adopted for mitigating the TMR effect. Simulation results show that our methods provide a high TMR estimation accuracy and gain a superior BER performance compared with the recording system without these techniques under the same user density.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Mitigating Track Misregistration Using the DBSCAN Algorithm for Single-Reader/Two-Track Reading in Shingled Magnetic Recording Systems
    (2026-01-01)
    Kochcha, Pijit
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    Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) systems can effectively reduce track width using the shingled writing technique, resulting in significantly higher areal density than conventional magnetic recording. However, track misregistration (TMR) still frequently occurs, leading to read errors and reduced signal processing performance. To address this, we propose a method for estimating TMR levels for single-reader/two-track reading in the SMR system using a density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. Furthermore, we also present a mitigation method for TMR effects using the DBSCAN algorithm. In the TMR-level estimation process, the equalized signal from the first equalizer is fed into the first DBSCAN algorithm. The estimated TMR level is then used to select the appropriate equalizer to equalize the readback signal. Finally, the DBSCAN-based detector is used to detect the equalized signal. Simulation results at an areal density of 2 Tb/in<sup>2</sup> demonstrate that our proposed method can accurately predict TMR levels, effectively mitigate TMR effects, and improve overall recording performance in terms of bit-error rate.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Bit-island arrangement and signal processing in double-layer magnetic recording technology
    (2024-02-01)
    Sawangarom, V.
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    Buajong, C.
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    The escalating demand for high-density storage of hard disk drives has prompted the innovation of advanced technologies to significantly boost an areal density (AD). Among these, three-dimensional magnetic recording systems incorporating double recording layers and bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) have currently emerged as one promising solution. Therefore, this article investigates the integration of double-layer magnetic recording and BPMR technologies which is called double-layer BPMR, aiming for a substantial increase in AD. The primary focus lies on minimizing inter-layer interference and mitigating two-dimensional interferences by optimizing bit-island sizes for both upper and lower layers under the incorporation of staggered-like recording media arrangement and an array of magneto-resistive readers. Moreover, we also employ a rate-5/6 modulation code for compensating these effects. Detailed examinations reveal that our proposed system has a superior bit-error rate performance compared with conventional single-layer BPMR system.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Signal Processing Techniques for Enhancing an Areal Density in Two-Reader/Three-Track Detection of Staggered Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording Systems
    (2026-03-01) ;
    Wattanaphol, Satra Tor
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    Greaves, Simon J.
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    As the demand for digital storage capacity continues to grow, bit-patterned magnetic recording (BPMR) has emerged as a promising technology to overcome the superparamagnetic limit of conventional recording methods. Nevertheless, the extremely close spacing of magnetic islands in BPMR can result in significant signal corruption, particularly due to inter-track interference. This paper presents robust signal-processing schemes for a two-reader, three-track detection system in a staggered BPMR configuration to address these challenges. The first proposed method employs a sum-soft-information technique, which combines log-likelihood ratios from two detectors to maximize mutual information. This approach significantly improves the reliability of middle-track detection. We also propose the inter-track interference subtraction technique, in which the highly reliable data recovered from the middle track are used to reconstruct the interference signal, which is then subtracted from the upper and lower tracks using an optimized weighting factor. Simulation results at an areal density of 3.0 Tb/in<sup>2</sup> demonstrate that an optimized weighting factor of 1.78 effectively cancels interference. Moreover, the results indicate that our proposed scheme achieves a bit-error rate (BER) comparable to that of the three-reader, one-track detection BPMR systems. Furthermore, our method also demonstrates a lower BER for both adjacent tracks when compared to the conventional single-reader, two-track reading system, even in the presence of 10% media noise.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Track Misregistration Prediction Scheme of Two-Track Reading with a Wide-Track Reader for Shingled Track Recording
    (2025-12-01)
    Kochcha, P.
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    Khametong, A.
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    To enhance the areal density (AD) of magnetic recording technology, shingled magnetic recording (SMR), which overlaps adjacent tracks, has been proposed and extensively studied. The strong intertrack interference (ITI) is a major difficulty that needs to be overcome. Therefore, the two-track reading with a wide-track reader for the shingled track recording technique achieves the clear amplitude in two-track recording due to the longer bit length of magnetization over the regular single-track reading. Track misregistration (TMR); however, is one of the key concerns in this technique that may deteriorate the system’s performance, which refers to the misalignment between the center of the read head and the desired track. To address this issue, this study proposes the TMR prediction scheme and detector with the utilization of an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to process the readback signals obtained from the wide-track reader. Simulation results indicate that, at an AD of 2.0 Tb/in<sup>2</sup>, the EM-based TMR prediction method achieves strong prediction performance, while the EM-based data detector further enhances system performance by reducing the bit-error rate in shingled track recording systems.