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    Item type:Publication,
    The Study of the Rate of TEC Index over Thailand
    (2025-01-01)
    Buakao, Nitipat
    ;
    Phothila, Prarinya
    ;
    This study examines the variations in Rate of TEC Index (ROTI) across three provinces in Thailand-Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Chumphon-using Total Electron Content (TEC) data derived from BG2s GPS receivers during the period from January to March 2025. ROTI values were classified into three levels: high (>0.8), moderate (0.4-0.8), and low (<0.4) TEC variability. The analysis revealed that Chumphon exhibited the highest TEC variability, followed by Bangkok and Chiang Mai. In January, Bangkok recorded elevated ROTI values between 14:25 and 15:25 local time, with lower values observed from midnight to noon and after sunset. In February, ROTI values exceeding 0.8 were detected between 13:00 and 20:00, with Chumphon showing the most intense fluctuations. In March, high ROTI values occurred from 13:00 to 22:00, with Bangkok experiencing the most prolonged periods of TEC disturbance. These results underscore the spatial and temporal dynamics of ionospheric irregularities in low-latitude regions and support the effectiveness of ROTI as a diagnostic tool for monitoring space weather impacts on GNSS signals.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Exploring Ionospheric Disturbances Using GNSS: A STEM-Based Investigation of the 2024 Extreme Geomagnetic Storm
    (2025-01-01)
    Pansong, Chollada
    ;
    Buakao, Nitipat
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    Keokhumcheng, Thanapon
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    Phothila, Pharinya
    ;
    Intamas, Patcharin
    This study investigates the effectiveness of a STEM-based instructional approach integrating GNSS satellite technology and ionospheric TEC (Total Electron Content) analysis during extreme geomagnetic storms. The objective was to enhance students' conceptual understanding, practical skills, and STEM-related attitudes through interdisciplinary learning activities. The SPACE model (Study, Plan, Analyze, Create, Evaluate) was applied as a pedagogical framework to guide students through real-world TEC anomaly detection using GPS RINEX data and computational tools. The integration of real satellite data and hands-on analysis enabled students to connect theoretical knowledge with real-world phenomena, deepening their engagement and inquiry-based thinking. Pre-and post-test results revealed statistically significant improvements, with scores increasing from a mean of 5 1. 8 (S D = 7. 5 4) to 7 5. 0(S D= 7.42) (p < 0. 000001). Moreover, the STEM Attitude Questionnaire reflected strong positive perceptions, especially in STEM career motivation (x¯=4.20) and perceived value of STEM (x¯= 4.13). These findings highlight the model's potential to foster STEM readiness. Integrating GNSS-based TEC analysis into the STEM framework significantly enhanced students' academic outcomes, practical skills, and STEM attitudes.