Kenpankho, Prasert

Preferred name

Kenpankho, Prasert

Alternative Name

Kenpankho, P.

Main Affiliation

School of Industrial Education and Technology

prasert.ke@kmitl.ac.th

Now showing 1 - 10 of 14

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Study of Ionospheric Total Electron Content over Thailand Using BeiDou Satellites
(2025-01-01)
Maichuen, Samatchaya
;
Keokhumcheng, Thanapon
;
Kenpankho, Prasert
This study aims to analyze the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the ionosphere over Thailand using BeiDou satellite signals received by BG2s receivers, providing an alternative to the traditional use of GPS satellites for investigating TEC variations. Data were collected from January to March 2025 from six monitoring stations: Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Chumphon, Nong Bua Lam Phu, Phuket, and Ubon Ratchathani, respectively, covering the entire region of Thailand. The analysis revealed that Nong Bua Lamphu recorded the highest average at 77.94 TECU, followed by Chiang Mai with 73.55 TECU. Ubon Ratchathani had an average of 65.81 TECU, while Phuket recorded 59.54 TECU, closely followed by Bangkok with 59.22 TECU. Chumphon had the lowest average maximum value at 45.00 TECU, respectively. Additionally, training sessions were conducted for 20 participants of the Meteorological Department on using BG2s receivers to measure TEC from BeiDou satellites. The pre-training assessment showed that 6 participants, accounting for 30%, achieved scores above 80%. After the training, all participants, representing 100%, surpassed the 80% threshold. The results indicate an improvement in participants' knowledge from 30% to 100%, reflecting the success of the training program and demonstrating the potential for applying the BeiDou satellite system in future ionospheric TEC studies.
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A Novel Short-Term Prediction Model for Regional Equatorial Plasma Bubble Irregularities in East and Southeast Asia
(2025-02-01)
Zhao, Xiukuan
;
Li, Guozhu
;
Xie, Haiyong
;
Hu, Lianhuan
;
Sun, Wenjie
Equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) irregularities can significantly impact satellite-based communication and navigation systems. Accurate prediction of EPB occurrence is essential for mitigating these impacts. Using the GNSS receiver network and ionosonde data from East and Southeast Asia during 2010–2021, and the rate of TEC change index to characterize the occurrence of EPB irregularities, we developed a novel Spatio-Temporal deep learning model for regional EPB irregularities short-term Prediction (STEP). The model integrates the convolutional neural network and long short-term memory (LSTM) network, together with attention mechanisms, to capture both spatial and temporal features of regional ionospheric irregularities. The results show that for 5-min forecast, the STEP model achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.062 TECU/min and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.818, reducing RMSE by 19.48% compared to LSTM and 27.06% compared to gated recurrent unit model. For 60-min prediction, the STEP model can still achieve reasonable accuracy with an RMSE of 0.110 TECU/min and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.482, showing significant improvement over traditional models. The equatorial F layer height and regional TEC fluctuations were identified as the most critical factors for predicting the generation and duration of EPB irregularities, respectively. The spatial and temporal distributions of EPB irregularities, including their latitudinal variation and delayed onset after sunset, and the occurrence across different days in East and Southeast Asia, were well predicted by the STEP. It is expected that the STEP model would provide a valuable tool for improving the resilience of GNSS against ionospheric scintillations induced by EPB irregularities.
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Ionospheric disturbances as precursor signals of the March 28, 2025, Myanmar earthquake
(2026-03-15)
Pansong, C.
;
Ruttanaburee, S.
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Pornsopin, P.
;
Kenpankho, P.
This study examined the ionospheric response associated with the Mw 7.7 Myanmar earthquake on March 28, 2025, using GPS-derived Total Electron Content (TEC) data from seven GNSS stations across Thailand. TEC variations were analyzed alongside Dst and Kp indices, as well as ionosonde-derived parameters, namely the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2), the peak height of the F2 layer (hmF2), the disturbances in NmF2, and the slab thickness (τ), which were obtained from three IGS-supported stations. We detected abnormal variations in TEC approximately 15 days before the earthquake (13–27 March 2025), characterized by alternating positive and negative deviations. The TEC exhibited alternating positive and negative deviations throughout the analysis period, reflecting ionospheric variability prior to the earthquake. During the early period (13–18 March), the deviations remained within approximately ±6 TECU. However, from 19 to 21 and 23–24 March, moderate fluctuations were observed, particularly at mid- and low-latitude stations (UTHG, THBK, THCP, and THPK), where ΔTEC ranged from ±6 to 10 TECU. The TEC decrease occurred on 25 March under weak geomagnetic conditions (Dst > −30 nT) at the northern stations MAEH (−18.40 TECU), THCM (−15.65 TECU), and NANN (−15.73 TECU), marking the most pronounced negative anomaly observed during the study period. Subsequently, on 26–27 March, TEC values recovered to positive anomalies of +4 to +10 TECU, indicating a return to normal ionospheric conditions. To objectively identify pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies, a Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) approach was applied using a ±1.34MAD threshold. This statistical technique effectively detects subtle deviations while minimizing transient noise. The results reveal coherent TEC depletions across multiple stations on 25 March, suggesting the presence of localized ionospheric disturbances potentially related to seismo-ionospheric processes rather than geomagnetic effects. Furthermore, concurrent anomalous increases in foF2 and hmF2, along with a reduction in slab thickness near the epicentral region, indicate vertical uplift of the F2 layer, consistent with possible Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) mechanisms.
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GNSS Receiver Bias Model for Near Real Time TEC Monitoring at Low Latitude, Thailand
(2026-01-01)
Kenpankho, Prasert
;
Maichuen, Samatchaya
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Phothila, Prarinya
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Zhang, Jianfeng
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Keokhumcheng, Thanapon
This research proposes and investigates GNSS receiver bias modeling for near real time total electron content (TEC) monitoring across 16 multi-frequency GNSS stations in low latitude, Thailand, from 2022-2024. By applying a refined methodology based on Kenpankho et al. (2021) and integrating IONOLAB-BIAS for single station bias estimation, the research corrects for satellite and receiver inter-frequency biases to enhance TEC accuracy. Results show a consistent upward trend in TEC values, reflecting increased latitudes, seasonal ionospheric activity, and geomagnetic storms. Comparative analysis with the IRI 2020 model using correlation coefficients and RMSE reveals spatial and temporal variation, with near equatorial latitude stations showing strong alignment than upper low latitude stations. The results highlight the importance of localized GNSS-based TEC models for improving satellite positioning accuracy in equatorial regions and highlight the limitations of global models under dynamic ionospheric conditions.
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The Study of GPS Total Water Vapor Content over Ubon Ratchathani
(2025-01-01)
Wongsak, Pattawut
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Kraisi, Prasert
;
Kenpankho, Prasert
The research paper focused on learning and investigating water vapor in the atmosphere over Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Water vapor can be measured by using total water vapor content (TWVC) which is calculated by Global Positioning Satellites known as GPS which are over Thailand and receives signals passively which can be extracted by BG2s receiver. In this research study, Ubon Ratchathani is selected and installed BG2s receiver according to the weather and environment conditions where are among mountains, rivers, and lands with large population and agriculture occupation. TWVC can be obtained by GPS signals which are in Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format. For calculating TWVC, the used altitude in troposphere over Ubon Ratchathani is five kilometers. The period of this research study was from August-October 2024 over Ubon Ratchathani. GPS datasets were analyzed and processed to Total Electron Content (TEC) estimation, converted it as ionospheric delay and estimated it as the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD). Then, personnel at the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) were trained and investigated the TWVC values from GPS with the TWVC values from measurement by TMD. As the results, we found that the maximum TWVC was recorded at Ubon Ratchathani in September 2024, with an average of 15.30 mm and the minimum TWVC was in October 2024, with average of 7.39 mm. The pretest and posttest were different values, which pretest score is smaller than the posttest score at 13.39. In addition, the investigation TWVC values from GPS underestimated the TWVC values from measurement by TMD at 1.5 times.
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Low-Cost Robotics Platform for Competition Game
(2025-01-01)
Sumniang, Patiphan
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Putthong, Burin
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Namniwong, Thapanan
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Kenpankho, Prasert
In this research, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) low-cost robotics platform for competition game was designed, including the development of competition rules and field. The competition rules are specifically tailored to GNSS low-cost robot, highlighting the essential components required to build robots based on GNSS low-cost robotic platform. This research aims to promote learning and skill development in robots and GNSS, with a focus on affordable resources to ensure accessibility for students and independent developers. In research methodology, a total of 58 teams with 116 participants took part in the GNSS low-cost robotics platform competition game, including 47 high school level teams (94 participants), 6 vocational level teams (12 participants), and five undergraduate level teams (1 0 participants). As the results, the competition game was successfully developed by the GNSS low-cost robotic platform, with over 70% of participants demonstrating a solid understanding of GNSS navigation, robot, and game design. Participants rated innovation-focused activities highly (4.55), highlighting the competition game role in inspiring creativity in GNSS and low-cost robot. In term of rule for competition game, participants gave the rates on fairness (4.23) and consistency (4.28) which were well received, although rule clarity received the lowest score (3.84), suggesting the need for clearer guidelines. In addition, the pre- and posttest assessments on participants' knowledge, understanding, and inspiration in GNSS navigation, robot, and game design, further confirmed the effectiveness of GNSS low-cost robotics platform competition game by giving the improved mean score from 23.06 to 27.01.
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Complex Ionospheric Irregularity Echoes Observed by Low Latitude Long Range Ionospheric Radar
(2026-01-01)
Li, Yuxiao
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Hu, Lianhuan
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Li, Guozhu
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Ning, Baiqi
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Dai, Guofeng
Using the Low lAtitude long Range Ionospheric raDar (LARID) at Dongfang (19.2°N, 108.8°E), Hainan Island, China, we report a unique case of complex ionospheric irregularities observed on 9 June 2024. The most interesting aspect is the first-time long-range (∼2,000 km) detection of daytime ionospheric irregularities and post-sunset band-like irregularity structures by HF radar at low latitudes. By incorporating VHF radar and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) rate of total electron content index (ROTI) observations, the radio wave propagation modes of the ionospheric irregularity events observed by LARID and evolution of these ionospheric irregularities were analyzed. The daytime ionospheric irregularity echoes observed by LARID over the Indian Ocean exhibited westward drift, evident in both echo patterns and Doppler velocities. These ionospheric echoes were likely backscattered from E region field aligned irregularities by the “downleg” of the 1-hop HF ray path. The post-sunset irregularity echoes observed by LARID over Indian Ocean manifested as a band-like structure. This structure was closely attached to the bottom of ground/sea scatter echoes and showed the same range variation as the ground/sea scatters. GNSS ROTI observation revealed that irregularities primarily appeared south of the magnetic equator and drifted eastward across the eastern longitudes in later hours. Analysis indicates that the displacement of small-scale irregularities within the equatorial plasma bubble event along the magnetic field likely contributed to the band-like irregularity structure observed by LARID and the asymmetric irregularity distribution observed by GNSS.
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Study on the relationship between Global Positioning System Total Electron Content Anomalies and Earthquake Events in Thailand during Solar Cycle 24
(2025-10-29)
Pansong, Chollada
;
Kenpankho, Prasert
This study investigates ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) anomalies in relation to earthquake events in Thailand from 2007 to 2020, encompassing Solar Cycle 24. TEC data were obtained from three sources: the Global Positioning System (GPS), the International GNSS Service (IGS), and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), and were compared to 473 earthquakes (Mw ≥ 3.0). While earthquake magnitudes below Mw 5.0 did not exhibit a clear correlation, earthquake events of Mw 5.0 or higher reflected in moderate negative correlation coefficients for GPS TEC, IGS TEC, and IRI TEC (-0.495,-0.501, and-0.303, respectively). Furthermore, a positive correlation coefficient (0.611) was found between Mw ≥ 5.0 earthquakes and geomagnetic storms with the Kp index. However, focusing specifically on geomagnetic storms and TEC variations on the day of an earthquake, no significant relationship was detected across GPS, IGS, and IRI data. Nevertheless, further research is needed to clarify the link between seismic activity and TEC fluctuations, potentially through alternative approaches or targeted case studies. This is especially important given the limited number of earthquakes above a magnitude of 5.0 in our study area, which restricts the available sample size.
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The Study of the Rate of TEC Index over Thailand
(2025-01-01)
Buakao, Nitipat
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Phothila, Prarinya
;
Kenpankho, Prasert
This study examines the variations in Rate of TEC Index (ROTI) across three provinces in Thailand-Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and Chumphon-using Total Electron Content (TEC) data derived from BG2s GPS receivers during the period from January to March 2025. ROTI values were classified into three levels: high (>0.8), moderate (0.4-0.8), and low (<0.4) TEC variability. The analysis revealed that Chumphon exhibited the highest TEC variability, followed by Bangkok and Chiang Mai. In January, Bangkok recorded elevated ROTI values between 14:25 and 15:25 local time, with lower values observed from midnight to noon and after sunset. In February, ROTI values exceeding 0.8 were detected between 13:00 and 20:00, with Chumphon showing the most intense fluctuations. In March, high ROTI values occurred from 13:00 to 22:00, with Bangkok experiencing the most prolonged periods of TEC disturbance. These results underscore the spatial and temporal dynamics of ionospheric irregularities in low-latitude regions and support the effectiveness of ROTI as a diagnostic tool for monitoring space weather impacts on GNSS signals.
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Low latitude TEC disturbances during extreme geomagnetic storms: insights into March and May 2024
(2025-12-15)
Pansong, C.
;
Wongsak, P.
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Ruttanaburee, S.
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Pornsopin, P.
;
Kenpankho, P.
This study investigates the variations of the Total Electron Content (TEC) in response to the extreme geomagnetic storms at the low latitudes over Thailand in 2024. For analyzing data from geomagnetic storms recorded in March and May 2024, with Dst maximum to −412 nT and Kp index to 9 on May 11, 2024, Dst at −351 nT and Kp at 9- on May 10, 2024, Dst at −159 nT and Kp at 7 on May 12, 2024, and Dst at −128 nT and Kp at 8 + on March 24, 2024. This study conducted a 13-day analysis for maximum negative Dst storm event, encompassing six days before and six days after the event. Data were sourced from GNSS receiver stations at Chiang Mai (THCM: 19.21°N, 99.12°E, 9.96°N Dip), Bangkok (THBK: 13.73°N, 100.78°E, 4.82°N Dip), and Chumphon (THCP: 10.72°N, 99.38°E, 1.85°N Dip), Thailand. The study highlights a significant TEC disturbance that increases during the extreme geomagnetic storm, particularly at THCP, next to equatorial latitude. TEC increases at a heightened sensitivity to geomagnetic storms. As a result, TEC reached up to 60 TECU from the average TEC of the six previous days and six posterior days excluding the maximum storm event day at a low latitude. The intense nighttime geomagnetic storms were a few events that resulted in minimal TEC gap increases compared to the daytime geomagnetic storms. Additionally, the correlation coefficient between geomagnetic storm levels and TEC disturbances is strongly and significantly linked to storm intensity. The signature of TEC disturbance is influenced during extreme geomagnetic storms in the ascending phase of Solar Cycle 25 at low latitudes, emphasizing the importance of enhanced understanding of TEC behavior in low latitude regions.

Kenpankho, Prasert

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