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    Potential antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract in minced pork
    (2017-09-01)
    Nguyen, Tuyen Thi Kim
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    Objective: This study investigated the effect of extraction solvents on antioxidant bio-active compounds as well as potential antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition of Phyllanthus acidus (P. acidus) leaf extract in minced pork. Methods: The effect of various solvent systems of water, 25%, 50%, 75% (v/v) ethanol in water and absolute ethanol on the extraction crude yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of P. acidus leaves was determined. In addition, antioxidant activities of the addition of crude extract from P. aciuds leaves at 2.5 and 5 g/kg in minced pork on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation decolorization, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) were determined. Moreover, sensory evaluation of the samples was undertaken by using a 7-point hedonic scale. Results: The results showed that the highest crude yield (2.8 g/100 g dry weight) was obtained from water which also had the highest recovery yield for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the strongest antioxidant activity. The addition of crude water extract from P. acidus leaves was more effective in retarding lipid peroxidation and higher antioxidant activity than control and butylated hydroxytoluene in minced pork. In particular, the samples containing P. acidus extract had no significant effect on the sensory scores of overall appearance, color, odor, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability compared to the control. Conclusion: Water solvent was an optimally appropriate solvent for P. acidus leaf extraction because of its ability to yield the highest amount of bio-active compounds and in vitro antioxidant property. Particularly, P. acidus crude water extract also strongly expressed the capacity to retard lipid oxidation, radical scavenging, radical cation decolorization and reducing power in minced pork. The results of this study indicated that P. acidus leaf extract could be used as natural antioxidant in the pork industry.
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    Changes in the activity of enzymes associated with enzymatic browning and chemical composition during Musa sapientum Linn. 'Kluai Khai' banana fruit ripening
    (2023-07-01)
    Makboriboon, N.
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    The results showed that the initial firmness of banana fruit harvested at the raw stage was 7 N and decreased to less than 2 N at overripe and very ripe stages. The total soluble solids increased throughout the ripening period, whereas the titratable acidity maintained a high level during the ripening process. The banana peel stayed green during the raw stage, and the yellow color formed between the unripe stage to the overripe stage. The lightness of the banana peel increased from the raw stage to the ripe stage, decreased at the overripe stage, and then dropped sharply at the very ripe stage. This color change was linked to the browning incidence of the fruit peel and an increasing browning area and soluble browning pigment content. The PPO and POD showed a low activity at the raw stage and then increased with advancing ripening and maintained a significantly higher level than the raw fruit. The findings of this study exhibited that the ripening stages of the 'Kluai Khai' banana influence the firmness, peel color, and browning incidence of the fruit peel and the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities.
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    Characterization of Diaporthe fungal extract composition and phytotoxicity on the aquatic noxious weed Eichhornia crassipes: inhibitory effects on photosynthetic machinery and membrane integrity
    (2025-01-01) ;
    Manichart, Nutcha
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    Thongbang, Muanfan
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    Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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    Fungal extract-based natural herbicides are a promising avenue for the development of sustainable weed management. The study investigates the herbicidal activity of fungal extracts against the prominent aquatic invasive weed Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). The ethanol crude fraction derived from Diaporthe sp. strain EC010 demonstrated the highest phytotoxicity. Chemical characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 2(3H)-furanone, dihydro-4-hydroxy- (22.81%), linoelaidic acid (6.87%), and hordenine (6.62%) as major constituents. Phytotoxicity was evaluated by wrapping bioassay under greenhouse conditions. Observable foliar damage, such as necrosis, chlorosis, and depigmentation, occurred within 1 day after treatment (DAT). The rapid onset of visible damage within 1 DAT and the detailed analysis of tissue damage are particularly noteworthy. Lesion progression reflected the phytotoxicity of the extract, increasing to 77.33% visible phytotoxicity at 14 DAT for the highest concentration (8.0% w/v). Microscopic analysis revealed disintegration and complete deformation of epidermal and parenchymal tissues, and treated plants featured extensive aerenchyma spaces. Furthermore, the Diaporthe sp. extract decreased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid concentrations while increasing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde, indicative of weed deterioration. The current work offers valuable insights for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies in the management of water hyacinth populations in a lentic ecosystem. The findings suggest that Diaporthe sp. extract could serve as a natural herbicide, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemicals in managing water hyacinth.
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    Induced mutation of curcuma hybrid cv. sweetmemory through tissue culture by ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)
    (2025-01-01)
    Yoosumran, V.
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    Ruamrungsri, S.
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    Akarapisarn, A.
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    The ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) is induced mutation in Curcuma hybrid cv. sweetmemory. The shoot size 1 cm were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mg/l BA for plantlet induction. After 8 weeks of culture, it was observed that the shoots soaked in 0% EMS at 60 and 120 minutes survived 100%. In additions it was found the highest percentage of shoot emergence, number of shoots, and plant height. While plants treated with EMS solution had decreased survival and growth rates. Thereafter, existing plantlets were potted, and growth was observed. It turned out that the plants none receiving EMS solution (control) had the survival rate and growth rate were better than those of the plants receiving EMS solution. Results showed that control plants receiving 0% EMS at 60 minutes gave highest content of chlorophyll a as 4.06 µg/cm<sup>2</sup>, chlorophyll b of 2.08 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> and carotenoid of 3.09 µg/cm<sup>2</sup> but there was none statistical difference with the plants that received EMS solution. The control plants had larger stomata sizes than those that received the EMS solution. However, there was no difference in the number of chloroplasts among treatments. The living plantlets from all treatments were tested Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker and genomic DNA was extracted from fresh leaves. A dendrogram was constructed polymorphic bands using the NTSYSpc program (version 2.10p) showing 2 clusters which separated with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.74-1.00.
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    Siamese neem tree as a natural preservative: Chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial efficacy against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria
    (2025-03-01) ;
    Manichart, Nutcha
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    The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of various ethanol in water solvent systems (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % v/v) on the extraction crude yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and chemical profile of Azadirachta indica (Siamese neem tree) leaf extracts. In addition, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties were investigated using in vitro assays. Crude yield was highest for the water extract (5.78 g/100 g DW) and decreased with increased ethanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the 75 % ethanol extract (26.95 mg GAE/g crude and 23.73 mg QE/g crude, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the 75 % ethanol extract revealed 33 bioactive compounds, accounting for 96.33 % of the total area. Significant components included benzene, 1,4-bis(phenylmethyl)- (15.05 %), and naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl- (10.98 %); also present were sterols, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds, indicating a complex chemical profile. In antioxidant assays, the 75 % ethanol extract revealed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC<inf>50</inf>: 143.03 mg/L), reducing power (IC<inf>50</inf>: 378.69 mg/L), and lipid peroxidation (IC<inf>50</inf>: 526.25 mg/L). However, the absolute ethanol extract exhibited both the highest metal chelating activity (IC<inf>50</inf>: 382.60 mg/L) and the strongest antimicrobial activity, inhibiting all 11 tested foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 mg/mL was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Latilactobacillus sakei, Streptococcus sp., and Lactococcus cremoris, with inhibition zone diameters of 27.21, 28.79, 28.19, 17.60, 15.09 and 11.20 mm, respectively. Similarly, the lowest minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25 mg/mL was obtained for S. aureus and L. sakei, indicating potent antibacterial effects against these species. Future studies should include direct comparative analyses of neem extracts and synthetic preservatives to evaluate further their relative efficacy and applicability in real-world food systems.
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    The effect of BA on inducing shoots of Philodendron erubescent 'Pink Princes' in vitro
    (2023-11-01)
    Chiewchan, N.
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    The study investigated the influence of plant growth regulator on the induction of direct shoots from node explants of Philodendron erubescens 'Pink Princes' in vitro condition. The result showed that the most of width, length, and height was observed in MS + BA 0.5 mg/l, measuring 3.40 cm × 3.22 cm × 1.96 cm and 1.74 g fresh weight. The highest number of shoots was consistently observed 60.44 shoots per nodal MDA content (1.91 nmol/g FW) and phenolic content (9.51 mg GAE/g FW) are lowest. The explant was cultured on MS medium performed highest chlorophyll content (chl A 213.96 μg/g FW, chl B 162.54 μg/ FW, total chlorophyll 304.64 μg/FW) and carotenoid content (2.61 μg/g FW) Moreover, they were the largest plant with green leaves when compared to another treatment.
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    Effects of natural herbicide from tagetes erecta on echinochloa crus-galli (L.) beauv
    (2018-01-01)
    Wichittrakarn, P.
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    We studied the inhibitory effects of leaves extracts of Tagetes erecta on weed-seed germination and the mechanisms involved. Hydroethanolic crude extract (OR) from Tagetes erecta dried leaves was partitioned into four fractions: hydrolyzed (HY), aqueous (AQ), neutral (NE) and acidic (AE). The inhibitory effects of crude extracts and its fractions were evaluated on germination and seedlings growth of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of each fraction were also determined. Germination and seedling growth were drastically inhibited by HY and AE followed by NE, OR and AQ. The HY and AE fractions had higher concentrations of both phenolics and flavonoids than other fractions. The HY fraction was selected as most potent for development as natural herbicide due to its high yield and strong inhibitory effects. The HY fraction was formulated into a soluble concentrate product (SCT) and its inhibition potential and modes of action were investigated. The SCT drastically inhibited the seed germination of E. crus-galli, inhibiting both imbibition, α-amylase activity and also seedling growth. Cytogenetic bioassays of SCT on root-tip cells of Allium cepa L. showed that it inhibited the mitosis and thereby the cell division. It is likely that a natural herbicide may be developed from the hydrolyzed fraction of a hydroethanolic extract of Mexican marigold leaves.
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    Oxidative damage in Echinochloa crus−galli seeds exposed to Diaporthe sp. (Diaporthales, Ascomycota) fungal extract during germination
    (2024-01-01) ;
    Manichart, Nutcha
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    Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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    Yoneyama, Kaori
    This study investigates the inhibitory effects of Diaporthe sp. isolate EC010 extract on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) seed germination and growth. Application of sequential extraction techniques to Diaporthe sp. mycelium resulted in partial separation of the phytotoxic compounds. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction most greatly reduced seed germination (81.01%), root length (89.18%), and shoot length (84.74%) compared to the control. Chemical characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed major constituents of linoleic acid, butyl ester (9.69%), hexadecanoic acid (7.99%), and 14-pentadecenoic acid (7.86%). With regard to physiological and biochemical indexes, treated seeds exhibited lower imbibition, significantly decreased α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity (p<0.05), and increased accumulation of malondialdehyde (85.52%) and hydrogen peroxide (141.10%). Moreover, activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) was upregulated (67.24 and 61.62%, respectively), while catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was downregulated (-33.75%). The inference is that an imbalance in ROS levels combined with reduced antioxidant potential drives the gradual accumulation of oxidative damage in seed cells and consequent loss of seed viability. All told, these results confirm the Diaporthe extract to induce oxidative stress and inhibit antioxidant enzymes. This study clearly demonstrates the oxidative damage associated with Diaporthe allelochemicals.
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    Potential allelopathic effects of Suregada multiflorum and the influence of soil type on its residue's efficacy
    (2010-09-01) ;
    Boonleom, Chaninat
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    Thitavasanta, Sompop
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    This experiment was conducted to determine the potential allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts and dried leaf powder of Suregada multiflorum and to find the herbicidal effects of its granule on the weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), in various growth media (germination paper, sand, and soil). Observations in this study demonstrated that the potential and magnitude of their inhibitory effects varied among the plant parts. The leaves and branches possessed the strongest inhibition levels, followed by the bark. The aqueous extract from the leaves of S. multiflorum had a remarkably stronger inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of slender amaranth, compared with barnyardgrass; when applied at the concentration of 100-g-L<sup>-1</sup>, it completely inhibited the germination and initial seedling growth of slender amaranth. In addition, all the treatments of the dried leaf powder had stronger inhibition effects than the aqueous extract. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of the dried leaf granule of S. multiflorum were stronger than the effects of the dried leaf powder at equal rates. The degree of inhibitory effect of the S. multiflorum granule, applied in various growing media, can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as germination paper = sand > clay soil. The present study indicates that the S. multiflorum granule product that was developed in this research has the potential to provide a powerful organic herbicide for controlling slender amaranth. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Weed Science Society of Japan.
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    Chemical composition and herbicidal action of essential oil from Tagetes erecta L. leaves
    (2018-12-15) ;
    Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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    Plant derived substances, particularly essential oils have been an increasing interest in their safe and environmentally-friendly application to crops, as a powerful alternative to chemical herbicides. The present investigation studied the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Tagetes erecta L. and evaluated its herbicidal activities (pre-and post-emergence) against Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) Beauv. The yield of essential oil from T. erecta was 0.72 mg.kg<sup>−1</sup> fresh weight. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to determine essential oil chemical composition. Relatively high amounts of monoterpines were detected, consisting mainly of piperitone (17.12%), piperitenone (10.46), and ocimine (8.59%); identified sesquiterpenoids consisted mainly of neophytadiene (16.18%) and caryophyllene (11.10%). The essential oil was formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC-EO) for herbicidal applications. Seed germination and seedling growth of E. crus-galli was determined by Petri dish bioassay for EC-EO concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2 mL.L<sup>−1</sup>. At 2 mL.L<sup>−1</sup>, the EC-EO completely inhibited germination and growth of E. crus-galli seed due to the inhibition of α-amylase activity. Post-emergence application of EC-EOs was also tested, with concentrations of 10 to 80 mL.L<sup>−1</sup> foliar applied to 21-day-old E. crus-galli plants. The leaves of treated plants appeared wilted and desiccated. Increasing concentrations of oil decreased chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content, indicating that the EC-EO interferes with photosynthetic metabolism. The EC-EOs also caused loss of membrane integrity and increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Taken together, these results indicate that the T. erecta essential oil has phytotoxic compounds that could be utilized as natural herbicides for future weed control.