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Advanced Water Production via Point of Use Super-Ultralow-Pressure Reverse Osmosis and Cellulose-Polyamide Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes
Author(s)
Fajardo-Diaz, Juan Luis
Martinez-Iniesta, Armando David
Yamanaka, Ayaka
Tejima, Syogo
Izu, Kazou
Saito, Shigero
Maeda, Jun
Khakani, My Ali El
Wang, Feng
Hayashi, Takuya
Takeuchi, Kenji
Cruz-Silva, Rodolfo
Endo, Morinobu
Date Issued
July 25, 2025
Type
Article
Abstract
A novel thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was developed for point-of-use applications (POU-RO) at super-ultralow pressure (0.2 MPa), incorporating carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers (CM-CNF). The CM-CNF with an increased number of oxygen-containing functional groups that positively impacts water flux, salt rejection stability, antifouling characteristics, and resistance to chlorine degradation compared to commercial RO-PA membranes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), combined with geodesic and skeletonized image analysis, revealed that the average thickness of the PA/CM-CNF membrane is 1050 nm corresponding to more than four leaf-like layers, significantly higher than commercial membranes, which typically show fewer than two layers. Moreover, a void-free active layer is created, providing excellent substrate coverage. Tests with CaCl2 at 0.2 MPa showed 93.9% salt rejection and a water permeation rate of 0.93 m/d, doubling the performance of commercial membranes. Dynamic simulations confirmed the influence of CM-CNF on enhancing water diffusion at low pressure (0.2 MPa). POU-RO tests, conducted using a 2-inch spiral module fabricated in the laboratory, confirmed the superior performance of the CM-CNF membrane. Indeed, high recovery rates (>60%) and high permeation rates (close to 0.7 m/d) have been achieved by the membranes. This performance is twice than the commercial counterparts tested at 0.2 MPa.
Citation
Advanced Materials Interfaces, 12(14), 2025