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Numerical study of curved pin-fin cross-sections for enhanced thermal–hydraulic performance in microchannel cooling
Author(s)
Kaewchoothong, Natthaporn
Oo, Ye Min
Gonsrang, Sarawut
Date Issued
April 1, 2026
Type
Article
Abstract
Efficient heat dissipation is crucial for modern high-heat-flux systems, where microchannel cooling offers compactness and high surface–area density. This study numerically investigated the thermal–hydraulic performance of air-cooled microchannels equipped with curved pin-fins featuring four cross-sectional shapes: a smooth circular baseline (C1) and multi-convex profiles containing 2, 3, and 4 lobes (C2–C4). Simulations were performed for Reynolds numbers of 200–1000 under uniform heat flux applied to both the endwall and fin surfaces, and the resulting flow structures, heat-transfer behavior, and pressure losses were evaluated using local and area-averaged Nusselt numbers, friction factors, and thermal-performance factors ( TPF ). The results showed that introducing cross-sectional convexity substantially modified the internal flow by enhancing impingement, strengthening secondary vortices, and suppressing wake regions. Among the tested designs, the two-convex geometry (C2) showed the greatest heat-transfer enhancement, whereas the three-convex configuration (C3) provided the most favorable thermal–hydraulic balance and consistently yielded the highest TPF . These findings clarified the governing mechanisms associated with curvature-induced mixing and demonstrated how tailored cross-sectional shaping can improve energy efficiency in microchannel-based cooling systems. The work provided practical geometric guidelines for advanced thermal management in battery modules, compact heat exchangers, and high-power electronics.
Citation
Applied Thermal Engineering, 292, 2026