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Piezoelectric composite films for real-time foot strike detection and energy generation
Author(s)
Panpho, Phakakorn
Charoonsuk, Thitirat
Charoenthai, Nipaphat
Bongkarn, Theerachai
Sumang, Rattiphorn
Date Issued
December 16, 2025
Type
Article
Abstract
Energy harvesting technology integrated into running shoes enables the conversion of mechanical energy from foot strikes into electrical signals for real-time monitoring. This approach enhances running efficiency, reduces injury risk, and eliminates the need for external power sources. In this study, composite films combining lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (KNNS-BNZ-xBF) with PDMS were developed for efficient energy harvesting and accurate detection of foot-strike patterns. XRD analysis revealed a broad R–O–T phase coexistence zone (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.006) and a transition to an R–T phase boundary for x > 0.006, with reduced grain size as xBF increased. The sample with xBF = 0.006 mol.% showed optimal electrical properties and was selected for composite film fabrication. Electrical output increased with ceramic loading, reaching maximum open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) at 18 wt% KBB due to enhanced piezoelectric response and uniform particle dispersion. The films, mounted on running shoe soles, successfully detected different foot-strike patterns (heel strike, midfoot, and forefoot). This system demonstrates strong potential for wearable sensors in athletic monitoring and injury prevention.
Citation
Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 396, 2025