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Decadal and seasonal oceanographic trends influenced by climate changes in the Gulf of Thailand
Author(s)
Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin
Ghazali, Muhammad
Simanjuntak, Andrean V.H.
Riama, Nelly F.
Pasma, Gumilang R.
Priatna, Asep
Kausarian, Husnul
Suryadarma, Made Wedanta
Pujiyati, Sri
Simanungkalit, Fredrich
Batara
Ansari, Kutubuddin
Date Issued
June 1, 2025
Type
Article
Abstract
Our study investigates the decadal and seasonal variability of sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT) using data from CMEMS from 1993 to 2021. We employed statistical analyses utilizing GLM and GAM to assess the variables comprehensively. The reveals a significant upward trend in SSH, increasing from ∼0.79 m in 1993–1998 to ∼0.89 m in 2017–2021, highlighting the impacts of climate change. SST analysis revealed fluctuations, with a maximum reaching ∼30.6 °C in 2019–2020, correlating with climatic events such as El Niño. Our study results at station 1 (near Bangkok) showed that the average SSH in 1998 during strong El Niño years was equal to 0.82 m, while the maximum SST was equal to 29.89 °C. Seasonal patterns indicated SSH peaks in DJF and SON at ∼0.92 m, while SST peaked in spring MAM and summer JJA at ∼30.7 °C. Volume transport analysis showed significant variability, with 0.3634 Sv (0–55 m) at longitude 99°E-107° E and latitude 6° N, indicating complex circulation patterns influenced by bathymetry and wind. Time series analysis revealed an average SSH increase of 0.0038 m/year, with a high pseudo-R-squared of 0.99. Our findings underscore the critical influence of climate variability on oceanographic conditions in the GoT, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring to address the implications of rising sea levels and temperature fluctuations. In conjunction with increased SSH, the rising SST heightens the risk of flooding in low-lying areas, exacerbating vulnerabilities for local populations and necessitating adaptive management strategies to mitigate these impacts.
Citation
Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 28(2), 151-166, 2025