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Hydrothermal sulfonation of palm kernel shells to produce a carbon-based solid acid catalyst for the glycerol etherification
Author(s)
Ausavasukhi, Artit
Date Issued
April 1, 2025
Type
Article
Abstract
Carbon-based solid acid catalysts were successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation of palm kernel shells. Among the solid acids studied, the catalysts with acidity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance were found to be more selective and efficient catalytic systems for the conversion of glycerol to glycerol ethers. The stability of the carbon-based solid acid catalyst was confirmed by a regeneration test, which showed that no leaching of acid groups into solution occurs. In addition, the carbon-based solid acid catalyst prepared by one-step hydrothermal sulfonation at 160 °C exhibits good cyclability. The etherification of glycerol with tertiary butanol occurs in a truly heterogeneous process in the presence of such an acid carbon.
Citation
Diamond and Related Materials, 154, 2025