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Insights from dual-platform metabolomics on durian flowers: An alternative source of procyanidins from agricultural waste with bioactivities
Author(s)
Potijun, Supakorn
Pattarapipatkul, Nattaya
Boonma, Pitchakorn
Pewlong, Putthamas
Pathtubtim, Intira
Muangman, Thanchanok
Schaller, Hubert
Sirikantaramas, Supaart
Date Issued
July 1, 2025
Type
Article
Abstract
Procyanidins, which are polyphenol compounds in grape seeds, apples, and berries, are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated durian flowers, an agricultural waste, as a novel procyanidin source. Durian trees bloom prolifically, but not all flowers develop into mature fruits, representing underutilized resources. Dual-platform metabolomic analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry annotates polyphenols such as (−)-epicatechin, procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. The 80 % (v/v) ethanol extraction yielded a crude extract with a total procyanidin content of 7.68 mg/g. Bioactivity assays revealed that the procyanidin-rich crude extract reduced oxidative stress and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects against UVA in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). This study is the first to propose durian flowers as a sustainable and cost-effective procyanidin source with potential application in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries, contributing significantly to the repurposing of agricultural waste through green technology.
Citation
Food Chemistry X, 29, 2025