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    Effects of Shrinkage Reducing Agent and Expansive Additive on Plastic Shrinkage of Mortar at Different Temperatures
    (2018-09-19)
    Treesuwan, Sarapon
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    Date, Shigeyuki
    In the construction, it is inevitable to perform plaster work in hot weather which causes the dehydration and rapid shrinkage on the paste during the early age. This research shows the studies of reducing the plastic shrinkage of mortar during the early age with such additives as the Shrinkage Reducing Agent (SRA), the Expansive Additive (EX), and the Fly Ash (FA) in controlled temperatures at 30°C and 40°C, with relative humidity between 60% and 70% according to the ASTM C1579-06 standard, with the strain gauge installed at 0.5 cm.from the surface. The shrinkage rate was measured starting from the Initial Setting Time and every 10 minutes afterwards for 24 hours. The results show that high temperature effects the cracking and how to use different formulas of additive under different circumstances is considerably important. To use only one additive is not sufficient in high temperature. To use the SRA in addition to the EX enhances better expansion than to use only the EX. Moreover, it is recommended to pay close attention in adding large amount of the FA into mortar with the EX and SRA added which extremely enhances the expansion and potential cracking.
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    Effects of Shrinkage Reducing Agent and Expansive Additive on Mortar Properties
    (2017-01-01)
    Treesuwan, Sarapon
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    This research is to study the effect of mortar mixed with shrinkage reducing agent (polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether type), expansive additive (CaO type), and fly ash (hereinafter "SRA," "EX," and "FA," resp.). Moreover, steam curing was studied to improve the properties of mortar. The plastic shrinkage test was conducted by using the strain gauge embedded at 0.5 cm from the surface according to the ASTM C1579-06 standard within early age followed by the total shrinkage test and compressive strength test. The test results showed that mixing both the EX and SRA increases the plastic enlargement of the mortar during the early age more than using either the EX or SRA solely. The steam curing helps to reduce the plastic shrinkage when the mortar is added with the FA and SRA while adding the EX increases the enlargement compared to the normal curing. When the EX, SRA, and FA are all added to the mortar mixing, great attention should be paid due to the increase of greater enlargement. For the compressive strength view, the steam curing increases the compressive strength in all types of mixture. The steam curing significantly helps increasing the compressive strength of mortar with combination of EX, SRA, and FA. Nevertheless, the XRD and SEM tests explain such enlargement accordingly.
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    The contribution agriculture waste reinforcement to the floor topping of renovation building architectures: Compressive strength test by trial the percentage of the pseudostem of banana dried powder
    (2018-08-14)
    Subpa-Asa, Prang
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    Date, Shigeyuki
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    Kasai, Tetsurou
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    Phromsuwansiri, Nutchaphon
    The growing demand of construction around the world has led to an increased usage of concrete. However, convention concrete making materials are not entirely environmental friendly and this has enthused research on seeking greener alternative for concrete production. Agriculture industries are one of the major industries globally that harvested products such as food and biomass for organism around the world. After harvesting products, there are effluence of agriculture waste as left, straw and pseudostem. This research focusing on mechanical properties as compressive Strength Test of mortar cement adding with the pseudostem of banana dried powder (PBDP) by trial the percentage of PBDP and chemical properties as using scanning electron microscope (SEM). These findings indicate that 10% of PBDP replacement is the best ratio and element of PBDP which C was the most element in PBDP as 59.96% of mass and 71.49 % of atomic.
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    Effect of jetties in northern part of coastal change at Chumphon estuary
    (2018-01-01)
    Promngam, Atsanupong
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    Charusrojthanadech, Nunthawath
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    Yamamoto, Yoshimichi
    The research on the effect of coastal facilities for protecting an estuary from channel blockage and a coast from beach erosion by waves demands to understand wave propagation, a nearshore current and sediment transportation. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of jetties to the Chumphon estuary coast in Chumphon province, Thailand, and propose measures for erosion protecting in this coast. The long term prediction by a one-line model indicates the heavy erosion of around 1000 m northward from the jetties, the erosion around 250 m and 650 m southward from the jetties. As for the erosion of around 250 m southward, measures were examined in the last inter-national conference of ISOPE. As for the erosion of around 650 m southward, since there is no property which should be protected, it is ignored here. Therefore, about the heavy erosion of around 1000 m northward, measures are examined. In this study, since almost of all sand must be transported to jetties, sand nourishment is not a good measure. Detached breakwaters, artificial reefs, and non-measures are examined with the costs on the construction or the compensation, and the prevention effect of wave overtopping, short term erosion, and deterioration of a view. It makes clear that the most effective measure is non-measures (in other words, it is “set back”).
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    Study of Architectural Form and Structural Analysis of Central Tower Cluster of Angkor Wat
    (2025-01-01)
    Svamivastu, Vacharee
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    In this study, we investigated the form and structure of the Angkor Wat temple complex using diagrams, ogive geometry, and structural analysis. The findings of previous research indicated the appropriate basic grid-cell size for the temple complex’s planning. They were used as the main data for this research. An earlier analysis revealed the geometric code (basic module, BM) that controls the architectural design diagram and construction of the temple complex. The use of a center-shifting technique to avoid the numerical fractions occurring in grid cell modules resulted in the asymmetry of the temple, as evidenced by the unequal openings (windows) on the left and right sides of the first enclosure. The diagram 5:6, suitable for the inhabitants who were the Vaiśyas, is achieved by the center-shifting technique. The form analysis showed that the towers in the temple were of ogive shape of varying sizes, corresponding to Pythagoras’ common-right-triangle combinations. The structural analysis demonstrated the use of low-tiered walls around the core structure of the central tower cluster, increasing the wall bearing of the core structure with exceptionally large wall corners to strengthen the bearing walls of the core structure. As a result, the maximum weight-induced deformation of the central tower cluster indicates the capability of the walls to sustain massive weights. An Angkor Wat central tower cluster was constructed on a slant base foundation. In this research, we unveiled the structurefollowsform and form-follows-structure principles in the construction of the Angkor Wat temple.
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    Effect of expansive additive and shrinkage reducing agent on plastic shrinkage of steam-cured mortar
    (2018-01-01)
    Treesuwan, Sarapon
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    Date, Shigeyuki
    This research is part of the mortar’s plastic shrinkage study. Contents in this article is related to how the Expansive Additive (EX), Shrinkage Reducing Agent (SRA), and Fly Ash (FA) help to reduce and control the shrinkage and to compare the effectiveness of these substances used in the normal curing, i.e., at 30˚C and in the steam curing process by using the factorial design with 3 factors and to be divided into 2 levels. Factors to be studied are the amount of EX, SRA and FA replacement. The test of plastic shrinkage was conducted in accordance with the ASTM C1579-06 standard, placing the strain gauge 0.5 centimeters beneath the surface in the middle of the mold, recording the shrinkage rate starting from the initial setting time for 24 hours. The results showed that, in normal curing, the EX influences the expansion while, in steam curing, the EX and SRA significantly influences the expansion. To add the FA in high volume along with the EX significantly effects the expansion for both the normal and steam curing. Furthermore, the study model and equation for plastic shrinkage of mortar are presented in the form of factor proportion to be considered from the factorial design study basis.
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    The Geometrical Relationship Between Ancient Hindu Technical Treatises and the Planning and Organization of Angkor Wat
    (2025-04-01)
    Svamivastu, Vacharee
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    Angkor Wat is the supreme masterpiece of Khmer architecture, built by King Sūryavarman II during the 12th century A.D. Jane Przyluski hypothesized that Angkor Wat was the tomb of King Sūryavarman II. On the other hand, George Cœdès thought that Angkor Wat complex was habitation in the form of a celestial palace. According to Henri Parmentier, though the buildings and constructions in Angkor Wat temple complex are majestic, they are geometrically out of place. The temple complex is non-symmetrical, as the complex’s center is left-aligned. The above controversial opinions inspire a deep examination of the geometric system of the architectural and structural design of Angkor Wat. This research investigates the architectural planning and frame structures of Angkor Wat stone temple complex using a Hindu grid system. The study was based on field survey data of the temple complex and Hindu ancient texts, specifically the Vāstu Śāstra. PhotoModeler Pro5 and Polycam for iOS-4.0.5 were utilized to render three-dimensional (3D) images of the entire temple complex. The analysis finds the geometric code (suitable module) used in the planning of 2.75 m × 2.75 m in the metric system (1 Phyeam 1 Hat 1 Thnob in) the local Cambodian measuring system). The geometric code (2.75 m × 2.75 m) highlights the design diagram and construction of the temple complex. The research also unveiled the use of a center-shifting technique where the vertical axis running through the center is deliberately left-aligned, to avoid numerical fractions occurring in the grid modules. The technique gives rise to the asymmetry of the temple complex. The findings led to understanding the symbolic meaning of spatial organization of the layout and plan of Angkor Wat design, which was meant to be a suitable residence for the god on earth, the king, and his citizens. Moreover, it also means the final abode of King Sūryavarman II after his death, represented by the image of Lord Viṣṇu.
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    Effect of jetties in coastal change at chumphon estuary
    (2017-01-01)
    Promngam, Atsanupong
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    Charusrojthanadech, Nunthawath
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    Yamamoto, Yoshimichi
    The research on the effect of coastal facilities for protecting an estuary from channel blockage and a coast from beach erosion by waves demands to understand wave propagation, nearshore current and sediment transportation. The purpose of this research is to study theeffect of jetty and propose countermeasures to compensate insufficient safety in Chumphon estuary, Chumpon province. The field survey is executed, topographic maps, bathymetric data, wave data for storm surges, tidal data were collected and inputted in Ca's numerical model(Ca et. al., 2000). This model consists of the near shore fluid dynamicmodel based on the Boussinesq equation and the topographical change model which the bed load and the suspended load were considered. Although the jetties are very effective for channel maintenance, since diffraction waves by the jetties has drawn sand in the north-side beachof the jetties toward the jetties, serious coastal erosion has occurred in the center of this north-side beach. Moreover, according to thesimulation results by using Ca's model, in the south-side beach of thejetties, if a typhoon of Linda classes hits this area, since heavy overtopping occurs, wave dissipation facilities are necessary.
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    Improvement of crushed rock by polymer and portland cement on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) under soaked condition
    (2020-01-01) ; ;
    Sirikaew, U.
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    Artidteang, S.
    The pavement consists of surface course built on the top followed by base, subbase, and subgrade, respectively. The high stresses occur at the top layer, which is placed by the expensive material with high quality, while cheaper material with low quality is placed in the lower layer, respectively. Crushed rock is normally applied as the base material, which is required to support the high stress transmission. The soil improvement techniques have become one alternative to apply for increasing the soil strength. The one technique has been wildly adopted, is called “soil cement”. On the other hand, the soil cement road is easily to damage by heavy raining and flooding, due to brittle crack behavior in Portland cement property. Consequently, polymer has high elastic modulus, is precious to solve the brittle failure problem. This paper examines the effect of concurrent use of liquid polymer and Portland cement on crushed rock as reinforced pavement base material. The strength of polymer-treated crushed rock (treated crushed rock) and ordinary crushed rock (untreated crushed rock) were characterized and compared. In strength analysis, the California bearing ratios (CBR) of untreated and treated crushed rock were determined under soaked condition to simulate post-flood pavement damage. As a result, it was found that the CBR value of the treated crushed rock has higher than the CBR values of the untreated crushed rock (approximately two times).
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