Somala, Naphat

Preferred name

Somala, Naphat

Alternative Name

Somala, N.

Main Affiliation

School of Agricultural Technology

naphat.so@kmitl.ac.th

Now showing 1 - 10 of 18

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Physiological mechanism of action and partial separation of herbicide–active compounds from the Diaporthe sp. extract on Amaranthus tricolor L.
(2023-12-01)
Manichart, Nutcha
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
;
Somala, Naphat
;
Teerarak, Montinee
;
Chotsaeng, Nawasit
Thirteen fungi that produce compounds with herbicidal activities were isolated, identified, and extracted under the assumption that the mechanism of action occurs during seed exposure to the extract. The extracts from all the fungal strains considerably decreased the growth parameters of Amaranthus tricolor L. The EC010 strain extracts showed the greatest effect. Through ITS region gene sequencing methods, the isolated EC010 was identified as a genus of Diaporthe. The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effect of 91.25% on germination and a decrease in shoot and root length by 91.28% and 95.30%, respectively. The mycelium of Diaporthe sp. was extracted using sequential extraction techniques for the partial separation of the herbicidal fraction. According to the bioassay activities, the EtOAc fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity. The osmotic stress of the A. tricolor seeds was studied. Although the extract increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the treated seeds showed lower imbibition. While the activity of α-amylase was dramatically decreased after treatment. A cytogenetic assay in the treated Allium cepa L. root revealed a decrease in the mitotic index, an altered mitotic phase index, and a promotion of mitotic abnormalities. Accordingly, the Diaporthe sp. may serve as a potential herbicidal compound resource.
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Formulation process, physical stability and herbicidal activities of Cymbopogon nardus essential oil-based nanoemulsion
(2022-12-01)
Somala, Naphat
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
;
Teerarak, Montinee
Essential oil-based bioherbicides are a promising avenue for the development of eco-friendly pesticides. This study formulated nanoemulsions containing citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil (CEO) as an herbicidal product using a high-pressure homogenization method with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values ranging 9–14.9 for the surfactant mixture (Tween 60 and Span 60). The CEO was high in monoterpene compounds (36.333% geraniol, 17.881% trans-citral, 15.276% cis-citral, 8.991% citronellal, and 4.991% β-citronellol). The nanoemulsion at HLB 14 was selected as optimal due to having the smallest particle size (79 nm, PI 0.286), confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. After 28 days of storage, particle size in the selected formulation changed to 58 and 140 nm under 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Germination and seedling growth assays with Echinochloa crus-galli showed that the nanoemulsion exerted a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect at all tested HLBs (9–14.9) and concentrations (100–800 µL/L). The inhibitory effect was greatest at HLB 14. Treatment of E. cruss-galli seed with the HLB 14 nanoemulsion significantly reduced seed imbibition and α-amylase activity. Our findings support that CEO nanoemulsions have a phytotoxic effect and hence herbicidal properties for controlling E. cruss-galli. Accordingly, this nanoemulsion may have potential as a bioherbicide resource.
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Formulation and evaluation of nanoemulsions from Jasminum officinale essential oil for controlling postharvest browning and maintaining quality in jasmine (Jasminum sambac) flowers
(2025-01-01)
Yeamsuriyotai, Kittiya
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Pradabkun, Natthamon
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Yonsawad, Nipaporn
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Khamchatra, Na Monrug
The jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) flower has delicate petals, resulting in rapid browning after harvest. The aim of this study was to search for an innovative postharvest treatment for delaying browning of jasmine petals using plant essential oils. J. officinale L. f. var. grandiflorum (L.) essential oil was found to reduce peroxidase activity in jasmine flower by 44.21% in the in vitro condition. The antioxidant activities and chemical composition of J. officinale essential oil were subsequently characterized. The essential oil exhibited the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radicals with a 50% inhibition (EC<inf>50</inf>) value of 6.72 ± 0.89 mg/mL, a chelating effect with EC<inf>50</inf> value of 7.42 ± 1.59 mg/mL, and reducing power with EC<inf>0.5</inf> value of 14.89 ± 0.73 mg/mL. GC-MS analysis detected 29 compounds in the oil, with benzyl alcohol (20.68%) and benzyl acetate (19.87%) predominating. As plant essential oils have restricted water solubility, an oil-in-water emulsion was formulated using a spontaneous emulsification method. The resulting J. officinale essential oil naonoemulsion (JEN) had an oil droplet size of 70.2 ± 0.39 nm and a narrow polydispersity index. In vivo testing confirmed the inhibitory effects of JEN on jasmine flower browning and relevant enzyme activities. Jasmine flowers were soaked in various concentrations of JEN for 5 min, packed in polyethylene plastic bags, and stored in a refrigerator at 10 ± 3°C with relative humidity 66 ± 5%. Flowers treated with 1 and 2 mg/mL JEN showed effective delay of petal browning and maintained good quality with minimum flower opening index, high freshness score, and high color retention index. JEN treatment also reduced phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activities, indicating postponement of the browning process. In addition, scanning electron microscopy micrographs of treated flower epidermis cells revealed delayed cell wall collapse, indicating retention of intact cells. Taken together, these results support JEN as a potential preventative of enzymatic browning and hence petal browning in jasmine flower.
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Systemic organization of tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon, 1851) hymenoptera: Formicidae): Histological observation
(2020-01-01)
Somala, Naphat
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Senarat, Sinlapachai
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Para, Chamnan
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Jiraungkoorskul, Wannee
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Kaneko, Gen
Tetraponera rufonigra Jerdon, 1851, is one of the most dangerous ants, whose apex of gaster region contains a sting structure with a complex venom gland. Here, we describe the systemic organ system of T. rufonigra using histological techniques. The venom gland of T. rufonigra was located above the mesentero-proctodeal region, which could be histologically classified into two parts; the venom gland reservoir and the venom gland tubes. The venom gland tubes were lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, whereas the venom gland reservoir was enclosed with simple squamous epithelium. The pygidial gland was localized near the cuticle as clusters, and each of the oval shape pygidial gland cells contained a spherical nucleus surrounded by acidophilic cytoplasm. High magnification observation showed that the integumentary system consists of three layers; epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle. The digestive system was a single narrow tube consisting of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Five to six rectal papillae were found in the hindgut. The urinary system was made up of Malpighian tubules, which lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and tracheal embedded in the adipose tissue. The respiratory system was composed of spiracles and trachea adjacent to the integument, all of which were surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium. In the nervous system, several ganglia were found in this study. There were two layers in each ganglion: Outer cortex and inner medullar layers. Several cell types were observed in the cortex layer including the neurosecretory cells, the neuroglia, and neurons. The outcomes of this study could provide a useful basis for future research on the family Formicidae.
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The effect of microfludization on characteristics and herbicidal potential of peppermint nanoemulsion on Amaranthus tricolor
(2024-01-01)
Dimak, J.
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Somala, N.
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Laosinwattana, C.
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Teerarak, M.
The natural herbicides are friendly environment and human health. Peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-energy emulsification method using microfluidization with a non-ionic surfactant Tween 60 and was used to inhibit germination of Amaranthus tricolor seeds. Droplet size of the nanoemulsion was reduced by increasing the pressure of microfluidization from 5000 to 20000 psi (from 130.2 to 69.8 nm). The highest pressure (20000 psi) found the smallest droplet size of the nanoemulsion that droplet size, PI value, and zeta potential were 69.8 nm, 0.277, and -44.17 mV, respectively. Also, each pressure formulation (5000, 10000, 15000, and 20000 psi) was evaluated for the pre-emergence herbicidal activities namely inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth, seed imbibition, and a-amylase of Amaranthus tricolor seed. The obtained results of herbicidal activities correlated with droplet size that the herbicidal activities increased when increasing the pressure of microfluidization. The nanoemulsion formulation of pressure at 20000 psi treatment solution showed the highest herbicidal activities. Thus, these results may promote the optimized nanoemulsion from peppermint essential oil using a microfluidization method as a natural pre-emergence herbicide to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of A. tricolor.
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Chemical Analysis and Bioactivities of Gaultheria procumbens L. Essential Oil: Herbicidal, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities
(2023-03-02)
Jintanasirinurak, Sumonrat
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Somala, Naphat
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Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Teerarak, Montinee
The chemical composition of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens L.) essential oil (WEO) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for its biological activities. Methyl salicylate (100%) was the main compound in the wintergreen essential oil. The herbicidal efficacy of the WEO was confirmed by germination inhibition, radical and shoot length reduction, and phytotoxicity assessment with Echinochloa crus–galli and Amaranthus tricolor seedlings. The WEO significantly reduced the germination and seedling growth of both weeds. It showed highly significant inhibition of seed germination (93.37%) and seedling growth of A. tricolor at the highest dose (6 µL/petri dish) assayed. The WEO was formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC-EO) for post-emergence application, and was applied at a range of concentrations from 10 to 80 mL/L. Both treated plant leaves appeared wilted and slightly discolored within 1 day of application (DAA). The visible weed control efficacy was most remarkable at 80 mL/L treatment, which was a level that ultimately killed the seedlings of both species at 3 DAA, suggesting promising herbicidal potential for the WEO. The WEO showed weak scavenging activity with a high IC<inf>50</inf> value (IC<inf>50</inf> >2×104 and >5×104 ppm) for DPPH scavenging and metal chelating assays, respectively. The WEO showed moderate antibacterial activity, and its zones of inhibition against bacterial test strains were 7.90±0.8 mm and 23.9±0.9 mm for Escherichia coli TISTR 780 and Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest the possibility of using WEO as an active ingredient to produce natural herbicides.
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Herbicidal Activity of the Invasive Weed Malachra capitata L.: Growth Stage Dependence, Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, and Physiological Effects on Seed Germination
(2026-03-01)
Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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Sathuwijarn, Sirichai
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Yoneyama, Kaori
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Sikhao, Potjana
The invasive weed Malachra capitata is unsuitable for human or animal consumption but has recently attracted attention for potential alternative uses. In this study, the allelopathic potential of M. capitata for weed control was investigated, as were its allelopathic effects on selected crops. The influence of plant developmental stage on its phytotoxic activity was also assessed. In addition, the physiological effects of the extract on seed germination were investigated. Aqueous leaf extracts were obtained across a range of growth stages and evaluated using seed germination and seedling growth bioassays, followed by bioassay-guided fractionation and GC-MS analysis. Leaves extracts collected at 35 days after planting exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity. Dicot plant species (Phaseolus lathyroides, Cucumis sativus, Brassica oleracea, and B. chinensis) were more susceptible to M. capitata extracts than grassy species (Echinochloa crus-galli, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa), indicating selective phytotoxicity. In pot experiments, application of leaf residues as surface mulch at rates of 100, 200, and 400 g/m2 significantly reduced P. lathyroides emergence by 11.25%, 35.00%, and 71.25%, respectively. Bioassay-guided fractionation indicated the ethyl acetate-soluble acidic fraction to contain the active allelochemicals. This inhibition was associated with reduced water uptake and suppression of α-amylase activity during seed germination. The most abundant GC-MS detectable components of the acidic fraction were octadecane (12.45%), eicosane (9.74%), and hexadecane (9.60%). Overall, these findings highlight the allelopathic potential of M. capitata, providing a foundation for further applied research and supporting its valorization for sustainable weed management.
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Design, Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activity of Novel Dihydrochalcones Derived from Flavokawains and Their Analogs
(2026-05-01)
Poprom, Suriyaphong
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Meesin, Jatuporn
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Chotpatiwetchkul, Warot
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Waratchareeyakul, Watcharee
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Chotsaeng, Nawasit
Weeds are a major cause of crop production losses worldwide, and environmentally friendly chemical control based on natural or semisynthetic compounds has attracted increasing attention. In this study, flavokawains, a class of natural chalcones, and their analogues were converted into dihydrochalcones (1–27) via Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation. The herbicidal activities of these compounds were evaluated against Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Several compounds significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth in both species. Herbicidal activity was strongly influenced by the type and position of aromatic substituents, with electron-withdrawing groups and meta substitution providing higher activity. The meta-chloro derivative (15) exhibited the highest activity, markedly inhibiting seed germination as well as shoot and root growth. Further investigation of its mode of action revealed that this compound interfered with seed imbibition, inhibited α-amylase activity, and affected membrane integrity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in A. tricolor in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of natural product-derived herbicides.
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Formulation and application of clove essential oil-based nanoemulsion against Ruellia tuberosa L.
(2023-02-01)
Somala, N.
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Laosinwattana, C.
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Dimak, J.
;
Teerarak, M.
Clove essential oil, a volatile compound, plays a role in herbicidal action on broadleaf weeds. Synthesis and technology nanoemulsion-based herbicide help protect the effectiveness of oils. The present study focused on the formulation, characteristics of clove essential oil-based nanoemulsion, and their herbicidal activity against Ruellia tuberosa L. The nanoemulsion containing clove essential oil was produced using the high-energy emulsification method with Tween 85 (HLB 11) and Span 85 (HLB 1.8) as an emulsifier agent (non-ionic surfactant), enabling the performance of clove oil nanoparticle size. The characteristic of nanoemulsion after being prepared 1 day showed that the droplet size, polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential value was 152.5 nm, 0.162 and -32.68 mV, respectively. Even after 28 days, these characteristics have changed slightly. To confirm the droplet size, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images verified the clove oil-based nanoparticle size. Pre-emergence herbicidal activity under laboratory tests showed that the nanoemulsion at a concentration of 100, 200, 400 and 800 µL L-1 of oil reduced the germination and seedling growth of the tested weed. Inhibitory effect was absolutely at 800 µL L-1 of clove oil. Post-emergence application of nanoemulsion at a various concentration of 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10000 µL L-1 of oil was sprayed on 2-4 true leaves stage of tested weed. After foliar-applied nanoemulsion 24 h, the results showed that chlorophyll and carotenoid content decreased. Moreover, an increase in relative electrolyte leakage (REL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated membrane disruption. This research supported that the clove oil-based nanoformulation may have a strong phytotoxic effect on R. tuberosa L. The nanoemulsion from clove oil is friendly to the environment and promote natural herbicide production for sustainable weed control.
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The effect of natural herbicide from Fusarium equiseti crude extract on the aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms)
(2024-12-01)
Laosinwattana, Chamroon
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Manichart, Nutcha
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Thongbang, Muanfan
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Wichittrakarn, Pattharin
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Somala, Naphat
In this study, Fusarium equiseti was isolated from the weed plant Tridax procumbens in an agricultural field and a crude extract produced with 75% ethanol for use as active ingredient material in natural herbicides. The herbicidal effect of F. equiseti extract was tested on water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), an invasive aquatic weed, by leaf disk assay at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% w/v crude extract. Dose-dependent visual toxicity symptoms were evident after three days, namely chlorosis, yellow leaves surrounded by dark brown edges. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) and membrane integrity (as electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content) were evaluated following the leaf disk test. 3 days after treatment, photosynthetic pigment contents showed dose-dependent decreases, while both measures of membrane integrity showed dose-dependent increases with increasing extract concentration. In addition, a cytogenetic assay was conducted on Allium cepa L. root, in which mitotic index reduction and depigmentation were evident as early as 24 h after herbicide application. Finally, anatomical analysis of treated E. crassipes leaves revealed degradation or damage of the ground tissue. All told, our results support the F. equiseti crude-based natural herbicide cloud as a sustainable alternative in agriculture.
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Somala, Naphat

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