Sequential extraction protocol for bio-calcium from saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) bone: Physicochemical and molecular studies

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dc.contributor.authorYarnpakdee, Suthasinee
dc.contributor.authorSenphan, Theeraphol
dc.contributor.authorBenjakul, Soottawat
dc.contributor.authorSriket, Chodsana
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-06T10:55:47Z
dc.date.available2026-08-06T10:55:47Z
dc.date.issued2026-06-01
dc.description.abstractSaltwater crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ; SC) farming generates 45% bone waste, creating environmental challenges but also representing an underutilized source of calcium. This study presents the first comprehensive protocol for extracting bio-calcium from SC bone through sequential processing: autoclaving, alkaline soaking, ethanol extraction, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The extraction process yielded 16.94% bio-calcium with a high mineral density (26.37% Ca and 13.83% P) and an average particle size of 6.77 μm. XRD confirmed the preserved hydroxyapatite structure, while FTIR revealed the complete elimination of the organic matrix in the resulting bio-calcium. SEM-EDS demonstrated uniform elemental distribution with no detectable heavy metals. Remarkably, in vitro calcium bioavailability reached 15.24%, representing a 78% enhancement over fish bone bio-calcium and doubling synthetic supplement performance. Preserved collagen-derived amino acids facilitate calcium-peptide chelation, explaining the superior absorption. The developed valorization process converts aquaculture waste into high-value ingredients with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
dc.identifier.citationJournal of Agriculture and Food Research, 28, 2026
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jafr.2026.102920
dc.identifier.issn26661543
dc.identifier.other2-s2.0-105035328225
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.kmitl.ac.th/handle/123456789/18169
dc.sourceJournal of Agriculture and Food Research
dc.subjectAquaculture byproducts
dc.subjectBio-calcium
dc.subjectBioavailability
dc.subjectHydroxyapatite
dc.subjectSaltwater crocodile bone
dc.subjectWaste valorization
dc.titleSequential extraction protocol for bio-calcium from saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) bone: Physicochemical and molecular studies
dc.typeArticle

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