Glioma Brain Tumor Classification Using Convolution Neural Network and Majority Voting

Abstract

Glioma brain tumors are malignant diseases for which early detection and instant treatment will increase the survival rate. Several studies have reported the efficiency of deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN) in diagnosing brain tumors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, we investigated the potential of state-of-the-art classifiers to achieve the highest accuracy in the detection of brain tumors using MRI. For this purpose, we introduced a comparative study of eight state-of-the-art classifiers. The methodology comprised three different approaches: 1) an imbalanced dataset, 2) a balanced dataset using image augmentation, and 3) ensemble learning using the best of the top five models for majority hard and soft voting. The dataset comprised converted MRI data from the repository of molecular brain neoplasia data (REMBRANDT) and brain tumor segmentation 2021 (BraTS) databases. An increasing number of MRI images and datasets has prevented overfitting. Initially, a preprocessing stage morphological operation and contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) algorithms were used to remove skeletons and artifacts and optimize the image contrast for readiness classification. The stochastic gradient descent with the momentum algorithm option was used to train the network. The trained model was used to predict the testing dataset, and the results from each pretrained network were evaluated. The experimental results demonstrated that the prediction accuracy of the trained network was significantly improved using a balanced training dataset. The discriminative image region used to interpret the predicted result using the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) algorithm was proposed in the final stage for trustworthiness. The experimental results showed that the best approach was inceptionV3 with a balanced dataset. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were 99.73%, 99.61%, 100%, and 1.00, respectively.