Upcycling bivalve mollusk shell wastes into triple super-, mono-and di-calcium phosphates for fertilizers and mineral animal feed

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dc.contributor.authorLaohavisuti, Nongnuch
dc.contributor.authorSeangarun, Chaowared
dc.contributor.authorBoonchom, Banjong
dc.contributor.authorRungrojchaipon, Pesak
dc.contributor.authorBoonmee, Wimonmat
dc.contributor.authorSeesanong, Somkiat
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-06T10:50:27Z
dc.date.available2026-08-06T10:50:27Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-01
dc.description.abstractTo reduce and utilize many mollusk shell wastes, they can be transferred to calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>) powders by mechanical grinding and then the obtained powders can be upcycled into various calcium phosphates. Triple super-, mono-and di-calcium phosphates were prepared by rapidly simple, cheap, and environmentally friendly processes using bivalve mollusk shell wastes. Triple superphosphate (TSP) powder was obtained by a reaction between phosphoric acid and mollusk shell-derived CaCO<inf>3</inf> powder and then was dissolved with water to classify non-soluble and soluble fractions by filtration. Non-soluble fraction was dried to obtain a gray-white powder of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO<inf>4</inf>·2 H<inf>2</inf>O). The self-evaporating process recrystallized the solution fraction to get a white powder of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O). All synthesized calcium phosphate samples were characterized and confirmed by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) were conducted to evaluate phase stability and thermal behavior. The analyses revealed the crucial influence of temperature on phase transitions and stability, providing insights into decomposition patterns and confirming phase purity. All the calcium phosphates were found to be highly purified and phosphorus-rich, making them effective for use in fertilizers and mineral animal feed. Additionally, the green and low-cost preparation of three calcium phosphates proposed in this research will be valuable for reducing waste mollusk shells by reforming them into value-added chemical products that point out the viewpoint of a zero-waste operation for obtaining sustainable development of an effective waste management and recycling technique.
dc.identifier.citationEnvironmental Technology and Innovation, 37, 2025
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.eti.2024.103988
dc.identifier.issn23521864
dc.identifier.other2-s2.0-85212982397
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.kmitl.ac.th/handle/123456789/16792
dc.sourceEnvironmental Technology and Innovation
dc.subjectMonocalcium phosphate
dc.subjectRecrystallization
dc.subjectRenewable calcium source
dc.subjectTriple superphosphate
dc.subjectWaste bivalve mollusk shell
dc.titleUpcycling bivalve mollusk shell wastes into triple super-, mono-and di-calcium phosphates for fertilizers and mineral animal feed
dc.typeArticle

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