Intelligent Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles: AI-Driven Voltage Cell Prediction Using GRU and K-Means Clustering

Abstract

The advancement of Electric Vehicles (EVs) requires intelligent Battery Management Systems (BMS) for accurate voltage prediction, ensuring battery reliability, longevity, and efficiency. Traditional BMS architectures rely on rule-based monitoring, which lacks predictive capabilities for early fault detection and proactive maintenance. This study presents an AI-driven BMS framework, integrating K-Means clustering and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) networks to enhance real-time voltage forecasting. Unlike conventional approaches that focus solely on clustering or deep learning, this research combines both methodologies to create a robust predictive system. K-Means clustering segments battery voltage data into operational groups, improving predictive accuracy by organizing similar voltage behaviors. GRU networks then capture sequential voltage dependencies, enabling precise voltage fluctuation predictions. Experimental validation was conducted using voltage data from 120 lithium-ion battery cells, recorded at 20 km/h under three load conditions (Load 0, Load 10, and Load 20) over a 5-minute duration. The findings demonstrate that K-Means clustering effectively categorizes battery voltage states, while GRU-based forecasting achieves high accuracy, reinforcing the practicality of AI-powered predictive maintenance. This study advances AI-driven BMS frameworks by demonstrating the integration of clustering and deep learning for voltage prediction, providing a foundation for real-time battery diagnostics and predictive analytics.