Tailoring Re-loaded core–shell Ni structures embedded in mesoporous silica for the selective transformation of levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone

Abstract

A Re-doped Ni@mSiO 2 core–shell catalyst with uniform metal dispersion enables the efficient and sustainable hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone, showing high activity, selectivity, and reusability for sustainable biomass valorization.