Low-Cost and Rapid Production of Calcium Formate from Cockle Shell Waste for Sustainable Waste Recycling

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dc.contributor.authorSeangarun, Chaowared
dc.contributor.authorBoonchom, Banjong
dc.contributor.authorSeesanong, Somkiat
dc.contributor.authorBoonmee, Wimonmat
dc.contributor.authorPunthipayanon, Sirichet
dc.contributor.authorLaohavisuti, Nongnuch
dc.contributor.authorRungrojchaipon, Pesak
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-06T10:55:05Z
dc.date.available2026-08-06T10:55:05Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-01
dc.description.abstractCalcium formate (Ca(HCOO)<inf>2</inf>) is an important industrial chemical widely used in construction, feed additives, and various chemical processes. In this work, calcium formate was synthesized from cockle shell waste and concentrated formic acid (50%, 60%, and 70% w/w) by a simple, rapid, low-cost, and environmentally friendly process, denoted as CF50, CF60, and CF70, respectively. The chemical and physical properties of as-synthesized calcium formate using cockle shells as a renewable calcium source were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The FTIR and XRD results revealed that the samples prepared using 50% and 60% formic acid produced well-crystallized α-calcium formate. In contrast, the reaction using 70% formic acid generated a strongly exothermic reaction, which hindered the complete conversion of calcium carbonate and resulted in the presence of residual CaCO<inf>3</inf> in the final product. Similarly, the SEM images of the CF50 and CF60 samples show the slick surface of orthorhombic crystals of calcium formate; on the other hand, the SEM image of CF70 shows some small particles of aragonite on the surface of the calcium formate crystals. The 60% formic acid provided the optimal synthesis condition, yielding pure calcium formate with the shortest synthesis time. Overall, the proposed approach provides a simple, rapid, and cost-effective route for producing calcium formate from shell waste. Furthermore, the utilization of cockle shell waste as a renewable calcium source contributes to waste valorization, reduces environmental impacts associated with shell disposal, and minimizes dependence on mined limestone resources, supporting sustainable resource utilization within a circular economy.
dc.identifier.citationInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(8), 2026
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ijms27083520
dc.identifier.issn16616596
dc.identifier.other2-s2.0-105037067264
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.kmitl.ac.th/handle/123456789/17986
dc.sourceInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
dc.subjectbiological calcium carbonate
dc.subjectcalcium formate
dc.subjectcockle shell waste
dc.subjectrenewable calcium source
dc.titleLow-Cost and Rapid Production of Calcium Formate from Cockle Shell Waste for Sustainable Waste Recycling
dc.typeArticle

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