Applying of the cross ratio to significant increase the watermark redundancy of a text image

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dc.contributor.authorYawai, Wiyada
dc.contributor.authorHiransakolwong, Nualsawat
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-06T10:04:57Z
dc.date.available2026-08-06T10:04:57Z
dc.date.issued2012-10-16
dc.description.abstractThe objective of this experiment was to apply the cross ratio theory to significantly increase the watermark data redundancy and integrity verification performance of a multi-language text image. Here, the cross ratio of four collinear points was applied to control the watermark em-bedding and detection processes by using the intersection positions of the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) and double (H & V) grid lines which virtually run across the text-character skeleton lines as the guidelines. Three layers of grid-line intersections were tested using multi-language text images including Thai, English, Chinese and Arabic. Our experi-ments revealed that three layers of three patterns of grid-line intersec-tions on each multi-language text image page, in which these grid lines were drawn and used to create multiple layers of intersection points for embedding secret data bits for watermarking effectively yielded a huge watermark hiding-bit redundancy. Nevertheless, when all points are embedded, it would be helpful for owners to be able verify their integrity.
dc.identifier.citationApplied Mathematical Sciences, 6(113-116), 5617-5637, 2012
dc.identifier.issn1312885X
dc.identifier.other2-s2.0-84867298669
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.kmitl.ac.th/handle/123456789/4398
dc.sourceApplied Mathematical Sciences
dc.subjectCollinear points
dc.subjectCross ratio
dc.subjectIntegrity verification
dc.subjectText image
dc.subjectWatermark hiding-bit redundancy
dc.titleApplying of the cross ratio to significant increase the watermark redundancy of a text image
dc.typeArticle

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