An accurate CMOS differential voltage-to-current converter

A technique for implementing a differential voltage-to-current converter that is suitable for fabrication in CMOS technology is presented. The transconductance of the converter is determined by an external resistor. Very linear and accurate transconductance is obtained with a conversion error of 0-012% for an external resistance of 25 Ω. Simulation results are given to show the linearity and accuracy of the conversion circuit. The voltage-to-current converter is a versatile building block and can be applied as a current conveyor, a floating inductance, a floating negative impedance converter and an instrumentation amplifier. © 1994 Taylor & Francis Ltd.