High-performance triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerator enabled by BF-BT-NZN multifunctional ceramic filler

The development of efficient and flexible energy-harvesting materials is essential for advancing self-powered electronic devices. In this study, we report the fabrication of flexible composite films by incorporating (1-x)(0.75BiFeO3-0.25BaTiO3)-xNd(Zn0.67Nb0.33)O3,abbreviated as (BF-BT-NZN), ceramic powder into a PDMS matrix, with filler contents ranging from 5 to 25 wt%. The optimized 10 wt% composite film demonstrated a maximum output voltage of 112.24 V and a current of 5.69 µA approximately 11 and 18 times higher than pure PDMS, respectively. Following a poling treatment, the output further increased to 149.54 V and 10.71 µA. The film exhibited excellent flexibility and durability, enabling practical applications such as powering LEDs, a digital watch, and charging capacitors. These results highlight the potential of BF-BT-NZN/PDMS composites as high-performance materials for wearable energy-harvesting applications.