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Development of instant germinated black rice (Maejo rice 1A) milk beverage powder fortified with Cordyceps militaris protein isolate
(2026-08-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Jaturapanyaskul, Siri
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Wangcharoen, Wiwat
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Daengprok, Wichittra
Development of instant germinated black rice (Maejo rice 1A) milk beverage powder fortified with Cordyceps militaris protein isolate was investigated. The base formula was optimized using mixture design, with Formula 8 (24% rice powder, 12% monk fruit sugar, 44% milk powder, 19.7% inulin and 0.3% Palsgaard® RecMilk) selected based on sensory evaluation. The beverage was then fortified with protein isolate at 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/w). Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Protein fortification influenced color, water activity, viscosity, and nutritional composition, while enhancing phenolic-related compounds and antioxidant potential, indicating improved functional properties of the beverage powder. The 7% protein-fortified sample exhibited the highest antioxidant activity across all assays while maintaining acceptable thermal stability. Sensory evaluation showed that 5% protein fortification achieved optimal consumer acceptance (overall score 7.65), outperforming commercial products. The study demonstrates successful development of a functional beverage powder with enhanced nutritional and antioxidant properties through protein fortification.
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Enhanced calcium solubility of bio-calcium powder from blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) bone: Influence of alkaline pretreatment conditions
(2026-07-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Sazedul Hoque, Md
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Benjakul, Soottawat
Bio-calcium powder was prepared from blackchin tilapia ( Sarotherodon melanotheron ) bones, an invasive species by-product from surimi production in Thailand, to evaluate the effects of alkaline pretreatment on bio-calcium properties. Bones were pretreated with NaOH or KOH (1 and 2 M) at a bone-to-solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 2 h, followed by ethanol washing, hydrogen peroxide bleaching, drying, and grinding to obtain bio-calcium powder. The yield on a wet weight basis was 26–28%, with water activity values of 0.33–0.34 measured at room temperature. Among all treatments, 1 M KOH gave the highest yield (28%), calcium content (26.13%), and lightness (L∗ = 88.5). Collagenous proteins and hydroxyapatite were identified by SDS-PAGE and ATR-FTIR, respectively. All bio-calcium samples showed four to five times higher in vitro calcium solubility after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (13.4-17.50%) than calcium carbonate (3.4%). The 2 M treatments exhibited the highest calcium solubility (17.2-17.50%). The 1 M KOH can be used for food fortification due to its high yield and lightness, whereas the 2 M treatments can serve as calcium supplements where higher calcium solubility is required. Blackchin tilapia bone is a potential source for bio-calcium production, with 1 M KOH suitable for food fortification and 2 M treatments more appropriate for applications requiring higher calcium solubility.
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Optimization of salt washing protocols for surimi production from invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron): Molecular and functional properties
(2025-10-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Hoque, Md Sazedul
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Benjakul, Soottawat
This study presents the first systematic molecular characterization and protein chemistry optimization for surimi processing from invasive blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron), introducing novel salt washing protocols. Ten treatments were evaluated including conventional washing, single/multiple salt washing (0.3–0.9 % NaCl), and pH-shifting methods. Molecular analyses (SDS-PAGE, ATR-FTIR and SEM) revealed myofibrillar protein preservation and distinct structural modifications. The optimized 0.6 % NaCl protocol achieved selective heme protein removal while preserving myofibrillar integrity, yielding superior gel chemistry (whiteness: 76.47 vs. 71.04) and highest sensory acceptance (7.33 vs. 6.40). pH-shifting enhanced protein recovery (68.59 %) but caused molecular aggregation and network disruption, reducing gel strength by 82 %. Molecular analysis demonstrated that salt washing selectively removes chromoproteins while preserving essential gel-forming proteins, whereas pH-shifting caused protein aggregation. SEM confirmed dense protein matrices in salt-washed samples versus fragmented networks in pH-treated surimi. This chemistry-guided approach transforms invasive species into functional protein ingredients.
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Improving calcium bioavailability from fish bone waste: the role of sodium hydroxide in bio‑calcium extraction from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones
(2025-10-01)
Senphan, Theeraphol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Choommongkol, Vachira
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Sriket, Chodsana
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Kishimura, Hideki
Calcium deficiency is a global health issue motivating the search for sustainable calcium sources from aquaculture waste. This study investigated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration effects on bio‑calcium quality and bioavailability extracted from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) bones. Tilapia bones were treated with 0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M NaOH solutions for 30 min compared to untreated controls. Increasing NaOH concentrations decreased yield while improving brightness, ash content, and calcium bioavailability. The 2 M NaOH treatment produced bio‑calcium with highest calcium bioavailability (8.57 %), surpassing both control (7.26 %) and commercial calcium carbonate (0.72 %) by 12-fold. Higher NaOH concentrations reduced moisture, protein, and fat contents while increasing hydroxyproline and decreasing lipid oxidation. SEM showed smoother surfaces with homogeneous pores in 2 M NaOH-treated samples. ATR-FTIR and EDS confirmed consistent hydroxyapatite structure. This optimization provides a sustainable approach for converting fish waste into high-bioavailability calcium supplements, supporting circular economy in aquaculture while addressing global calcium deficiency.
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Physicochemical properties and bioavailability of bio-calcium products from tilapia bone: A comparative study with synthetic hydroxyapatite
(2025-03-01)
Arkanit, Kornpaka
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Senphan, Theeraphol
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Issapap, Nursakich
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Sriket, Pornpimol
This study compared three calcium products derived from tilapia bones (fish bone powder, bio-calcium, and calcined bone) with synthetic hydroxyapatite as a reference material. The chemical compositions, physical properties, and calcium bioavailability were analyzed. The yield percentage decreased from 44.4 % in fish bone powder to 27.4 % in bio-calcium. The yield percentage then increased to 64.9 % in calcined bone. Synthetic hydroxyapatite showed 100 % yield. The ash content increased progressively from 68.5 % to 99.4 %. The calcium content increased from 18.9 % to 31 %, with Ca/P ratios improving from 3.3 to 1.7, approaching the ideal ratio of natural bone mineral (1.67). Heavy metals were not detected in any samples. All products exhibited high whiteness values (L∗ 91.8–95.0). Water activity values ranged from 0.33 to 0.50. The median particle sizes varied between 17.39 and 31.05 μm. Lipid oxidation decreased through the processing stages. Calcium bioavailability was the highest in synthetic hydroxyapatite (5.4 %). Bio-calcium showed 4.1 % bioavailability. The products demonstrated potential for food fortification and biomedical applications. The findings support the use of tilapia bones as a sustainable source of calcium production.
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Antioxidant and anticancer activities on HT-29 colon cancer cells of protein isolate extracted from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body using diverse isolation methods
(2024-11-01)
Thirabunyanon, Mongkol
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Mungmueang, Natthapong
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Daengprok, Wichittra
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Ngampeerapong, Chitraporn
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Karnjanapratum, Supatra
The present research examines different techniques for isolating proteins from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body powder (COR), namely ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP), organic solvent precipitation (OSP), and isoelectric precipitation (IEP). ASP yielded the highest protein content (78.90 %), effectively concentrating proteins, while OSP and IEP also produced substantial yields (57.41 % and 69.06 %, respectively). Color analysis revealed differences among isolates, with ASP resulting in a darker hue. ASP and IEP showed higher red and yellow components, respectively. Essential amino acid content was significantly higher in ASP isolate compared to COR, indicating effective amino acid concentration. Thermal analysis revealed different decomposition temperatures and enthalpy values among isolates. OSP displayed the highest phenolic content, while IEP exhibited the highest flavonoid content. Antioxidant assays showed ASP to have the highest DPPH-RSA and ABTS-RSA, while IEP showed the highest FRAP value. ASP demonstrated anticancer activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells inducing cell death apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration, with an IC<inf>50</inf> of 360.63 µg/mL, comparable to Paclitaxel. These findings suggest that Cordyceps militaris protein isolate, particularly from ASP, has significant antioxidant and anticancer potential, supporting its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.

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