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    Evaluation of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae protein extract as a cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp
    (2026-06-15)
    Kittiphattanabawon, Phanat
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    Phaonakrop, Narumon
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    Roytrakul, Sittiruk
    This study evaluated the application of yellow mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor ) larvae protein extract (YMPE) as a clean-label cryoprotectant for frozen Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ), with emphasis on its underlying mechanism. Proteomic profiling identified 12 antifreeze protein-like peptides containing conserved ice-binding motifs (TCTxSxxCxxAx), supporting the cryoprotective potential of YMPE. During dose optimization, shrimp treated with 0.5% YMPE exhibited the highest weight gain (5.57%) and lowest freezable water content (59.67%) (P < 0.05). The cryoprotective efficacy of YMPE was further evaluated over five freeze–thaw cycles in comparison with distilled water and mixed phosphate. YMPE significantly mitigated quality deterioration by enhancing water retention, preserving protein functionality (higher Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase activity), and reducing lysosomal enzyme leakage relative to the control (P < 0.05). Microstructural analysis revealed reduced muscle fiber disruption, characterized by fewer inter-fiber gaps. Mechanistically, YMPE may exert cryoprotective effects through a multimodal mechanism involving ice recrystallization inhibition and formation of a protective protein matrix. Although less effective than mixed phosphate, YMPE consistently improved all quality parameters compared with the control. These findings highlight the potential of insect-derived protein extracts as a novel, biologically based alternative to phosphate additives in seafood processing and provide a foundation for future industrial application.
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    Comparative studies on characterizations and cytotoxicity of oil extracted from Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) G2 spore using Soxhlet extraction and microwave-assisted extraction
    (2024-12-01)
    Senphan, Theeraphol
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    Benjakul, Soottawat
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    Sukketsiri, Wanida
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    Chotphruethipong, Lalita
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    This study aimed to compare the characteristics, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum G2 spore (GLS) oil extracted using two different extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The SLE method yielded higher oil content than the MAE method. MAE-extracted oil showed higher lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values but lower redness (a*) values. Both methods provided similar fatty acid compositions in GLS oils, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid as major components. Higher saturated fatty acid content was found in SLE-extracted oil, while MAE-extracted oil had increased levels of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The oil obtained from SLE showed slightly higher di- and tri-glycerides than that obtained from MAE (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MAE-extracted oil had high oxidative stability as indicated by lower levels of conjugated diene (CD), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and free fatty acids (FFA) as compared to SLE (P < 0.05). MAE-extracted oil had a higher total triterpenoid content than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). Also, MAE-extracted oil showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). FTIR spectra of both samples exhibited similar functional groups. Additionally, oils obtained from both processes (at 0.1–10 µg/mL) showed low toxicity on Caco-2 cells (P > 0.05). Therefore, GLS oil with high antioxidant activity and oxidative stability, especially oil extracted by MAE, could be a food supplement for health. Also, the MAE used was a potential implement for extracting oil from GLS.
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    Impact of Bio-calcium from Nile Tilapia Bone as a Supporting Material on the Stability Enhancement of Immobilized Probiotics
    (2025-07-01)
    Petsong, Kantiya
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    Yarnpakdee, Suthasinee
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    Senphan, Theeraphol
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    Kingwascharapong, Passakorn
    This study presented the potential of bio-calcium powder (BC) from Nile tilapia bone on enhancement of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus) stability as supporting material in probiotic immobilization and novel nutritive resource, particularly calcium. Combined immobilization techniques of absorption using BC at different concentrations (0, 10, and 15%) and encapsulation using fish collagen peptide (CP) (10%) were applied. Immobilized probiotics (IP) were investigated for resistance through various adverse conditions, including freeze-drying, severe pH and temperature levels, and gastro-intestinal tract (GI) conditions. After freeze-drying, all IPs showed resistance with > 90% survivability. Under various pHs, all samples revealed non-significant differences on cell survival under neutral and alkaline conditions throughout the tested incubation period (P > 0.05). Notably decreased survivability was detected in IP with BC compared to other samples, especially under acid condition. IP with 10 and 15% BC (IP-10 and IP-15) showed higher stability to thermal condition (55 °C) with increased incubation time, compared with those without BC (IP-0). After GI digestion, IP with BC reveals a better survivability with greater recovery ability, compared with IP-0 (P < 0.05). Calcium solubility increased with BC level in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Based on morphology and microscopy analysis, IP with BC illustrated cells attached to the rough surface of BC, which was coated with collagen peptide. Elemental mappings and distribution content suggested BC could be a great supporting material and calcium resource, particularly IP-15. Therefore, the absorption by BC together with encapsulation by collagen peptide could render a highly stable immobilized probiotic and a good calcium resource.
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    Sheepskin gelatin-based edible film: The use of soybean oil as a plasticizer
    (2024-01-01)
    Hasdar, Muhamad
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    ;
    This study aimed to develop edible films based on sheepskin gelatin, incorporating soybean oil as a plasticizer. Treatment was divided into three groups, namely GO1, GO2, and GO3, each containing soybean oil at 0%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v). A homogenizer was used to combine gelatin from sheepskin and soybean oil. Then, ultrasound was applied to form edible films. The results showed that adding soybean oil increased the films thickness, opacity, water resistance, and moisture content. However, it decreased the transparency and swelling of the films. It also did not affect the water activity of the films. The GO3 sample had the highest L∗ value, a∗, and b∗ values. It also had the lowest ΔE value, which indicated that it was close to the color of the original material. The peak wavenumbers changed after adding soybean oil, especially in the amide A and fingerprint regions. A notable shift occurred at the peak wavenumber of 1744.94 cm-1, which represented the vibrational stretching of C=O in triglycerides. The produced edible film had low flexibility, but it serves as a valuable reference for developing safe and practical films using gelatin sheepskin with natural oils as plasticizers.
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    Antioxidant and anticancer activities on HT-29 colon cancer cells of protein isolate extracted from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body using diverse isolation methods
    (2024-11-01)
    Thirabunyanon, Mongkol
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    Mungmueang, Natthapong
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    Daengprok, Wichittra
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    Ngampeerapong, Chitraporn
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    Karnjanapratum, Supatra
    The present research examines different techniques for isolating proteins from Cordyceps militaris fruiting body powder (COR), namely ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP), organic solvent precipitation (OSP), and isoelectric precipitation (IEP). ASP yielded the highest protein content (78.90 %), effectively concentrating proteins, while OSP and IEP also produced substantial yields (57.41 % and 69.06 %, respectively). Color analysis revealed differences among isolates, with ASP resulting in a darker hue. ASP and IEP showed higher red and yellow components, respectively. Essential amino acid content was significantly higher in ASP isolate compared to COR, indicating effective amino acid concentration. Thermal analysis revealed different decomposition temperatures and enthalpy values among isolates. OSP displayed the highest phenolic content, while IEP exhibited the highest flavonoid content. Antioxidant assays showed ASP to have the highest DPPH-RSA and ABTS-RSA, while IEP showed the highest FRAP value. ASP demonstrated anticancer activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells inducing cell death apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration, with an IC<inf>50</inf> of 360.63 µg/mL, comparable to Paclitaxel. These findings suggest that Cordyceps militaris protein isolate, particularly from ASP, has significant antioxidant and anticancer potential, supporting its potential as a natural alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.
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    Sustainable Goat Skin Gelatin-Based Edible Coatings Incorporated with Konjac Glucomannan: Physicochemical Properties and Preservation Efficacy on Strawberries
    (2026-04-01)
    Hasdar, Muhamad
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    Nirmal, Nilesh Prakash
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    Petcharat, Tanyamon
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    This study evaluated the effectiveness of edible coatings made from goat skin gelatin, with and without konjac glucomannan, for preserving strawberries at room temperature. Three groups were analyzed: a control group (EKG1), a gelatin coating group (EKG2), and a gelatin with konjac glucomannan group (EKG3). The addition of konjac glucomannan increased coating viscosity and thickness. While EKG3 initially raised total soluble solids, this difference disappeared by day 3. Both gelatin-based coatings maintained pH levels and showed no significant firmness difference between EKG2 and EKG3. The coatings effectively slowed color changes and pigment oxidation because they limited oxygen exposure. Weight loss was similar for EKG2 and EKG3, but EKG3 better preserved ascorbic acid on day 12. These results suggest that natural coatings can effectively reduce fruit spoilage, supporting sustainable food packaging and circular economy principles because they extend shelf life while being environmentally friendly.
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    Development of fish powder from marine whole fish and minced flesh: Nutritional assessment and application in soup mix formulation
    (2026-01-15)
    Hoque, Md Sazedul
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    Hasan, Md Mahmudul
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    Ghosh, Subarna
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    Safa, Mariya Binte
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    Hasan, Md Rakibul
    This study focused on developing and analyzing nutritional quality of fish powder and fish soup powder from low-cost marine fishes of the Bay of Bengal, using mince from Sardine (Gudusia chapra), Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), Pama croaker (Otolithoides pama), and Hard-tail Scad (Megalaspis cordyla), and the whole Pacific ilisha (Ilisha fuerthii) and Indian anchovy (Stolephorus Indicus). Various treatments included raw, boiled (90–95 °C, 10 min), and autoclaved (121 °C, 10 min) heating, along with washing treatments of raw, 1 % brine, and additions of turmeric and/or vinegar. Analyses of yield, biochemicals, and microbial quality followed standard methods. Boiled and BrTV-treated (brine, turmeric, vinegar) Mackerel, and whole fish-based Pacific ilisha powders showed superior utilization and nutrient profiles. Whole fish-based powders had higher micronutrient levels than minced-based powders. Pacific ilisha with BrTV treatment was used for fish soup powder in three formulations (30 %, 40 %, and 50 % fish powder), with the 50 % formulation preferred sensorically and having higher protein, carbohydrates, and a lower microbial load. This study concludes that fish powders, particularly those made from whole fish with BrTV treatment, can significantly improve nutrition and economic empowerment for coastal communities, helping to reduce malnutrition.
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    Production of collagen hydrolysate with antioxidant activity from pharaoh cuttlefish skin
    (2016-05-01)
    Bousopha, Sophawan
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    The aim of this study was to produce collagen hydrolysate with antioxidant activity. Pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) isolated from the skin of Pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) was used as a substrate for hydrolysis at 25°C and pH 7.5 by using collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum. The result showed that rapid hydrolysis was observed within the first 90 min with a degree of hydrolysis (DH) approaching 35%. Thereafter, a slower rate of hydrolysis was generally observed. An increase in DH was generally observed with increasing enzyme concentration. When log10 (collagenase concentration) versus DH (%) was plotted, a linear relationship was found with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9863. Electrophoretic study of collagen hydrolysates with 10% DH, 20% DH, and 30% DH revealed that their major peptides had molecular weights (Mr) ranging from 6.5 to 10.3 kDa; and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. The ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) of collagen hydrolysates with 20% DH and 30% DH were similar (p > 0.05). Chelating activity of collagen hydrolysates with 20% DH was negligible and for 10% DH and 30% DH it was not detectable. Given these findings, Pharaoh cuttlefish skin, a byproduct of cuttlefish processing, is a promising source material for production of collagen hydrolysate with antioxidant activities.
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    Low-sodium Chaya Leaf Seasoning Powder with Potassium Chloride Substitution: Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Microbial Quality Assessment
    (2025-01-01)
    Senphan, Theeraphol
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    Puangtong, Kotchaporn
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    Namdamrassiri, Benyapa
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    Hoque, Md Sazedul
    This study investigates the development of a low-sodium seasoning powder using Chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), popularly known as Mexican spinach, by substituting sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) at various ratios. The antioxidant capabilities of dried Chaya leaves, dried at 60°C for five hours, were tested using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) techniques, demonstrating excellent free radical scavenging activity and making it suitable for low sodium seasoning compositions. The substitution of 25% KCl was the most favored option, as it effectively balanced flavor and health advantages without causing noticeable changes in appearance, color, and aroma. This recipe successfully reduced the sodium content to 1171 mg/100 g while maintaining Chaya’s original nutritional values, which include 23.57 g/100 g of protein, 4.77 g/100 g of fats, and 54.12 g/100 g of carbohydrates, as well as dietary fibers. Additionally, the formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability, as indicated by an ash content of 14.00 g/100 g, moisture content of 3.51 g/100g, and a total energy of 353.69 kcal/100 g. The safety of this new seasoning is validated by its microbiological quality, which is indicated by a total bacterial count of 2.6×10<sup>4</sup> cfu/g and the absence of mold and yeast. This emphasizes the potential of the seasoning to promote healthy dietary choices by reducing sodium intake without affecting sensory appeal.
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    Enhanced calcium solubility of bio-calcium powder from blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) bone: Influence of alkaline pretreatment conditions
    (2026-07-01)
    Senphan, Theeraphol
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    Mungmueang, Natthapong
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    Sazedul Hoque, Md
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    Benjakul, Soottawat
    Bio-calcium powder was prepared from blackchin tilapia ( Sarotherodon melanotheron ) bones, an invasive species by-product from surimi production in Thailand, to evaluate the effects of alkaline pretreatment on bio-calcium properties. Bones were pretreated with NaOH or KOH (1 and 2 M) at a bone-to-solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 2 h, followed by ethanol washing, hydrogen peroxide bleaching, drying, and grinding to obtain bio-calcium powder. The yield on a wet weight basis was 26–28%, with water activity values of 0.33–0.34 measured at room temperature. Among all treatments, 1 M KOH gave the highest yield (28%), calcium content (26.13%), and lightness (L∗ = 88.5). Collagenous proteins and hydroxyapatite were identified by SDS-PAGE and ATR-FTIR, respectively. All bio-calcium samples showed four to five times higher in vitro calcium solubility after simulated gastrointestinal digestion (13.4-17.50%) than calcium carbonate (3.4%). The 2 M treatments exhibited the highest calcium solubility (17.2-17.50%). The 1 M KOH can be used for food fortification due to its high yield and lightness, whereas the 2 M treatments can serve as calcium supplements where higher calcium solubility is required. Blackchin tilapia bone is a potential source for bio-calcium production, with 1 M KOH suitable for food fortification and 2 M treatments more appropriate for applications requiring higher calcium solubility.
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