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Enhancing biomass, hydrocarbon and biodiesel properties of green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL through gamma and UV radiation exposure
(2024-12-01)
Jongput, Buppha
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Chiwpreecha, Pattanasak
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Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Tongsri, Pajongjit
This study investigated the effects of gamma (137Cs, 0–250 Gy) and UV (UV-C, 0–12 h) radiation on growth and biodiesel properties of Botryococcus braunii KMITL. For gamma radiation, maximum biomass (1.37 ± 0.02 g L−1) was achieved with 50 Gy, while a dose of 200 Gy resulted in the highest hydrocarbon content (51.84 ± 0.20%) and yield (0.66 ± 0.01 g L−1). For UV radiation, a 9 h exposure produced the highest biomass (2.45 ± 0.05 g L−1), hydrocarbon content (55.01 ± 1.22%), and yield (1.35 ± 0.04 g L−1). Algae exposed to gamma radiation within the range of 0–150 Gy exhibited C16:0 as the dominant fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), similar to those exposed to UV radiation, while algae exposed to 200–250 Gy displayed C18:1n9t as the dominant FAME. High levels of gamma and UV radiation were observed to lengthen fatty acid chains and increase unsaturated fatty acids. The cetane values of biodiesel from algae exposed to gamma and UV radiation ranged from 64.55 ± 0.14–66.47 ± 0.20 and 59.43 ± 0.04–65.27 ± 0.22, respectively, all meeting standard criteria. Both gamma and UV radiation also improved the saponification value and cold flow properties of the biodiesel. These findings suggest that controlled levels of gamma and UV radiation effectively enhance hydrocarbon yields with significant implications for biofuel production.
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Carcass composition, meat quality, calpain activity, fatty acid composition and ribonucleotide content in southern thai native goats and three-way crossbred goats
(2021-06-01)
Chaosap, Chanporn
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Chauychuwong, Nantana
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Chauychuwong, Ratchasak
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Sriprem, Chatchai
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Sivapirunthep, Panneepa
Carcass composition, meat quality, calpain activity, fatty acid composition, and ribonucleotide content were examined and compared between male Southern Thai native goats (NG, n = 10) and three-way crossbred goats (CG, 50% Boer × 25% Saanen × 25% Southern Thai native, n = 10). All animals were fed 1.5% body weight of concentrate (16% protein and 70% total digestible nutrients) and fresh Napier grass for 4 months. At the end of raising period, the final weight between the two genotypes was not significantly different. The percentage of carcass, bone, and fat of CG were higher than those of NG. NG presented lower shear force values, insoluble and total collagen content but higher collagen solubility and calpain-1 activity at 24 h postmortem. Additionally, NG meat was high in monounsaturated fatty acids but low in saturated fatty acids. However, the amount of ribonucleotide was no significant difference between two genotypes.
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Physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oils from samrong (Sterculia foetida) seed
(2018-12-01)
Chanyawiwatkul, J.
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Supapavnich, S.
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Takeungwongtrakul, S.
Samrong seed kernel consisted of 5.91 ± 0.12% moisture, 2.80 ± 0.17% ash, 46.09 ±0.44% oil, 11.68 ±0.16% protein and 33.52 ±0.07% carbohydrate. The crude oil was extracted from samrong seed kernel using cold hexane as solvent. The oil from samrong seed kernel contained 27.32% saturated fatty acid (SFA), 5.30% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and 55.95% poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Gamma-linolenic acid (47.80%) was the dominant fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid (16.49%) and steric acid (10.45%). The physicochemical properties including color, viscosity, tocopherol content, total phenolic content, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ρ-anisidine value of kernel oil were determined. When kernel oil was stored at 30°C for 48 days, the oxidative stability of kernel oil was also examined. The kernel oil had the increase in PV and TBARS within the first 36 days of storage (P < 0.05). Subsequently, a decrease in PV and TBARS were noticeable up to day 48 (P < 0.05). Oil from samrong seed kernel showed high quality and oxidative stability during storage. Thus, samrong seed kernel could be used as a potential source of edible oil for use in the food industrial.
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Hydrocarbon production and biodiesel properties of a green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2 cultivated outdoor in open pond and closed photobioreactor
(2018-03-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
Botryococcus braunii is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In general, selection of the most suitable cultivation systems is based on profitable yield and oil quality. The feasibility of using this alga as feedstock for commercial biodiesel production was tested by comparing the cultivation in open pond and closed photobioreactor under the 5 g⋅kg-1 optimum salinity condition previously found, and the results were that the hydrocarbon content (40.7±1.6%) of the alga cultivated in open pond was higher than that cultivated in the photobioreactor and its biomass (2.9±0.1 g⋅L-1) was much higher; its biodiesel properties, however, were nearly identical with cetane values of 48.15-56.99. Drastically different though were the hydrocarbon yields-cultivation in the open pond produced 2.3 times higher yield than the closed photobioreactor. Hence, outdoor cultivation under optimum salinity in open pond was considered suitable for biodiesel production by this algal strain.
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Extending the basic function of lattice oxygen in lepidocrocite titanate – The conversion of intercalated fatty acid to liquid hydrocarbon fuels
(2017-12-01)
Maluangnont, Tosapol
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Arsa, Pornanan
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Sooknoi, Tawan
We report herein the basicity of the external and internal lattice oxygen (O<inf>L</inf>) in lepidocrocite titanates with respect to CO<inf>2</inf> and palmitic acid, respectively. Several compositions have been tested with different types of the metal M aliovalently (co)substituted for Ti, K<inf>0.8</inf>[M<inf>y</inf>Ti<inf>2−y</inf>]O<inf>4</inf> (M = Li, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cu/Ni and Cu/Zn). The low CO<inf>2</inf> desorption peak temperature (70–100 °C) suggests that the external O<inf>L</inf> sites are weakly basic similar to TiO<inf>2</inf>. However, the internal O<inf>L</inf> sites are sufficiently basic to deprotonate palmitic acid, forming the intercalated potassium palmitate at the interlayer spaces. The latter serves as a two-dimensional (2D) molecular reactor for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels via deoxygenation under atmospheric N<inf>2</inf>. A relationship has been observed between the yield of the liquid products vs the partial charge of the lattice oxygen (δ<inf>O</inf>). Since the deoxygenation pathway is highly dependent on the metal substitution, the redox-active sites might also play some roles. The co-substituted K<inf>0.8</inf>[Cu<inf>0.2</inf>Ni<inf>0.2</inf>]Ti<inf>1.6</inf>O<inf>4</inf> produced ~68.0% yield of the liquid products, with ~ 51% saturated and ~ 15% unsaturated C<inf>15</inf> hydrocarbons at 350 °C.
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Surface and interlayer base-characters in lepidocrocite titanate: The adsorption and intercalation of fatty acid
(2016-06-01)
Maluangnont, Tosapol
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Arsa, Pornanan
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Limsakul, Kanokporn
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Juntarachairot, Songsit
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Sangsan, Saithong
While layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with positively-charged sheets are well known as basic materials, layered metal oxides having negatively-charged sheets are not generally recognized so. In this article, the surface and interlayer base-characters of O2- sites in layered metal oxides have been demonstrated, taking lepidocrocite titanate K<inf>0.8</inf>Zn<inf>0.4</inf>Ti<inf>1.6</inf>O<inf>4</inf> as an example. The low basicity (0.04 mmol CO<inf>2</inf>/g) and low desorption temperature (50-300 °C) shown by CO<inf>2</inf>- TPD suggests that O2- sites at the external surfaces is weakly basic, while those at the interlayer space are mostly inaccessible to CO<inf>2</inf>. The liquid-phase adsorption study, however, revealed the uptake as much as 37% by mass of the bulky palmitic acid (C<inf>16</inf> acid). The accompanying expansion of the interlayer space by ~0.1 nm was detected by PXRD and TEM. In an opposite manner to the external surfaces, the interlayer O2- sites can deprotonate palmitic acid, forming the salt (i.e., potassium palmitate) occluded between the sheets. Two types of basic sites are proposed based on ultrafast 1H MAS NMR and FTIR results. The interlayer basic sites in lepidocrocite titanate leads to an application of this material as a selective and stable two-dimensional (2D) basic catalyst, as demonstrated by the ketonization of palmitic acid into palmitone (C<inf>31</inf> ketone). Tuning of the catalytic activity by varying the type of metal (Zn, Mg, and Li) substituting at TiIV sites was also illustrated.
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Effects of different media and nitrogen sources and levels on growth and lipid of green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL and its biodiesel properties based on fatty acid composition
(2015-06-08)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
This work aimed to find an optimum culture medium for green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL and investigate its biodiesel properties based on fatty acid composition. Four different media were tested. Chlorella medium was the best medium for lipid yield. Among four nitrogen sources tested, KNO<inf>3</inf> produced the highest lipid yield. When varied the nitrogen concentrations, this strain gave the highest lipid yield at the highest nitrogen level. When cultivated in the best medium and nitrogen source and level for 30 days, and then cultivated further for 14 days in the medium with no nitrogen, the highest lipid content and yield were 49.94 ± 0.82% and 2.71 ± 0.02 g L-1, respectively. C16:0 fatty acid was the major fatty acid found. Fatty acid profiles of B. braunii KMITL cultivated in Chlorella medium with 1.25 g L-1 KNO<inf>3</inf> gave the best biodiesel properties with the lowest iodine value, maximum cetane number, and lowest degree of unsaturation.

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