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    Genomic insights into arsenic and antibiotic resistance in Comamonas thiooxydans strains F1-6 and A7-5
    (2026-04-01)
    Sitlaothaworn, Kanchana
    ;
    Phongsopitanun, Wongsakorn
    ;
    Chitpirom, Kitja
    ;
    Kingkaew, Engkarat
    ;
    Lee, Jung Sook
    Two arsenic-resistant, Gram-negative, aerobic rod-shaped bacterial strains, F1-6 and A7-5, which were isolated from agricultural soil in Thailand, were systematically studied. They grew at 30 °C, pH 5–11, and in 3% (w/v) NaCl. Ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8) and the cellular fatty acids C1<inf>6:0</inf>, C<inf>18:1</inf> ω7c, and C<inf>17:0</inf> CYCLO were the major components. Phylogenetic analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains F1-6 and A7-5 were affiliated with the genus Comamonas and closely related to C. thiooxydans DF2<sup>T</sup> and C. testosteroni KCTC 2990<sup>T</sup>, with 99.79% and 99.86% similarity, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between F1-6 and C. thiooxydans DF2<sup>T</sup> were 97.89% and 85.7%, respectively, whereas those between A7-5 and C. thiooxydans DF2<sup>T</sup> were 97.23% and 81.3%, respectively. Thus, both the F1-6 and A7-5 were identified as C. thiooxydans. The draft genome sizes of F1-6 and A7-5 were 5.2 and 5.3 Mb, comprising 87 and 84 contigs, with DNA G+C contents of 61.5% and 61.4%, respectively. The genomes of both strains contained ars cluster genes and many genes for growth and resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics, similar to those of C. testosteroni ATCC 11996<sup>T</sup>, C. thiooxydans CNB-1 substr. CNB-2 Chr, and C. terrae NBRC 106524<sup>T</sup>. Nevertheless, the acr3, qacG, and vanH genes in the vanO cluster were found only in C. terrae NBRC 106524<sup>T</sup>. This study provides more comprehensive insight into As-resistant bacteria and could be applied to the bioremediation of As and other heavy metals in the future.
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    Antimicrobial resistance: more than 70 years of war between humans and bacteria
    (2020-09-02)
    Nadeem, Syeda Fatima
    ;
    Gohar, Umar Farooq
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    Tahir, Syed Fahad
    ;
    Mukhtar, Hamid
    ;
    Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
    Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the major issues in the present world and one of the greatest threats faced by mankind. Resistance is spread through both vertical gene transfer (parent to offspring) as well as by horizontal gene transfer like transformation, transduction and conjugation. The main mechanisms of resistance are limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. The highest quantities of antibiotic concentrations are usually found in areas with strong anthropogenic pressures, for example medical source (e.g., hospitals) effluents, pharmaceutical industries, wastewater influents, soils treated with manure, animal husbandry and aquaculture (where antibiotics are generally used as in-feed preparations). Hence, the strong selective pressure applied by antimicrobial use has forced microorganisms to evolve for survival. The guts of animals and humans, wastewater treatment plants, hospital and community effluents, animal husbandry and aquaculture runoffs have been designated as “hotspots for AMR genes” because the high density of bacteria, phages, and plasmids in these settings allows significant genetic exchange and recombination. Evidence from the literature suggests that the knowledge of antibiotic resistance in the population is still scarce. Tackling antimicrobial resistance requires a wide range of strategies, for example, more research in antibiotic production, the need of educating patients and the general public, as well as developing alternatives to antibiotics (briefly discussed in the conclusions of this article).
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