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Optimization of Feed Formulation, Feeding Rate, and Plant-Based Supplements for Efficient Rearing of the Superworm Zophobas morio (Fabricius) Under Tropical Conditions
(2026-02-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Prachom, Noratat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Insects are increasingly recognized as sustainable protein sources due to their high feed conversion efficiency and low environmental impact. Among them, the superworm, Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), has strong potential for large-scale production; however, optimized feeding strategies under tropical conditions remain limited. This study aimed (1) to determine the optimal feed formulations and feeding rate using wheat bran supplemented with the KMITL Protein Innovation source (a protein feed ingredient developed by the School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, KMITL), and (2) evaluate the influence of plant-based supplementary foods on larval performance. In Phase I, larvae were reared on 13 formulations with three protein levels (CP00, CP21, and CP24) and five feeding rates (A–E). Diets CP21–21 and CP24–21 (21 and 24% CP; wheat bran/protein = 2:1) resulted in the highest survival (83.4–84.1%) and the lowest feed conversion ratios (FCR = 2.29–2.34). Moderate feeding rates (C–D; 925–1110 g feed per tray for 50 days) produced the greatest larval weights (700–760 mg), whereas ad libitum feeding provided no additional benefit. In Phase II, larvae reared on CP21–21 with a restricted rate of 1100 g per tray and supplemented with ten plant-derived foods achieved comparable final weights (716–760 mg), but survival varied significantly among treatments. Mulberry leaf yielded the highest survival (95.3%), followed by banana, watermelon rind, winter melon, and jicama (>90%). Pumpkin and jicama accelerated pupation and adult emergence, showing a female-biased sex ratio among emerged adults (59.2–65.5%), suggesting enhanced developmental rates. These results establish a practical framework for cost-effective and sustainable Z. morio production under tropical conditions, contributing to circular bioeconomy strategies and supporting insect-protein innovation.
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The Effects of Hormone Diets with Different 17β-Estradiol Levels on Growth and Feminization in Long-Whiskered Catfish (Mystus gulio) Larvae Using Conventional and Microencapsulated Feed
(2026-01-01)
Dokkaew, Sahabhop
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Songdum, Kritchavat
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Prachom, Noratat
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Boonyung, Wiwiththanon
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
Feminization is an important biotechnological approach in aquaculture for species in which females exhibit superior growth and higher market value. The long-whiskered catfish (Mystus gulio), a euryhaline species cultivated in both monoculture and co-culture systems, contributes to sustainable aquaculture by grazing on uneaten feed and maintaining pond cleanliness. This study evaluated the effects of dietary 17β-estradiol (E2) at 0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg, incorporated into conventional and microencapsulated feeds, on the feminization and early growth of M. gulio larvae. Treatments were administered during the weaning stage for 14 and 21 days under controlled rearing conditions. Results showed that larvae fed microencapsulated feed containing 60 mg/kg E2 achieved the highest specific growth rate (26.91 ± 1.92%/day), feed efficiency (164.76 ± 33.23%), and feminization success (99.73 ± 0.04%). Hormonal assays confirmed elevated estradiol and reduced testosterone levels, consistent with ovarian development observed in histological sections. Gene expression analysis further supported these findings through the significant upregulation of cyp19a, erb1, and erb2 mRNA levels. Overall, this study demonstrates that microencapsulated hormone feeding is an effective and environmentally responsible strategy for achieving monosex female populations in M. gulio, enhancing productivity, reproductive performance, and sustainability in aquaculture systems.
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Effect of Durio zibethinus Murr. cv. Monthong Rind as a Dietary Ingredient in Feed on the Growth Performance and Disease Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis mossambicus)
(2023-04-01)
Sangkhonkhet, Nataporn
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Phanchindawan, Naree
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Lerdsuwan, Saichon
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Nalinanon, Warrapong
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Pisuttharachai, Duangjai
Monthong durian is a durian species mainly cultivated in Thailand. The rind makes up about 60-75% of whole fruit and is often discarded. Here, we evaluated the effect of durian rind, specifically the inner white peel, as a supplement for a fish diet on the growth performance and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Red Tilapia. Fish with an initial average weight of 42.68 ± 0.11 g were fed diets supplemented with durian rind at 0, 10, 15, and 20% for 140 days. Subsequent results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain, average daily gain, length gain, and specific growth rates were not significant among treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, the feed conversion ratio and survival rate of fish fed with diets supplemented with durian rind were also not significantly different from the control (P > 0.05). After the 140-day feeding trial, fish were injected intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila, and the cumulative mortality was recorded for 14 days. The survival rate of fish-fed durian rind-supplemented diets at all levels was higher than that of the control. The highest survival rate and relative survival percentage were fish fed with 10% and 15% durian rind in the diet. Taken together, the white peel of the durian rind can be a potential fish feedstuff and can act as a natural antibiotic to improve fish resistance against A. hydrophila. Recommended level of durian rind supplementation is 10%-15% in the diet which will not affect growth but can enhance disease resistance to A. hydrophila.
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Optimisation of dietary protein level for rearing juvenile spotted scat (Scatophagus argus Linnaeus, 1766)
(2023-01-01)
Yangthong, Monsuang
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Pangsakun, Yaowapa
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Ruensirikul, Jirayuth
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Kaneko, Gen
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein level for growth, feed utilisation, chemical composition and amino acid profile in juvenile spotted scat (Scatophagus argus). Five isoenergetic diets containing 31.70, 35.39, 40.71, 45.88 and 51.48% crude protein (T1–T5 respectively) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of S. argus (4.92 ± 0.06 g, n = 15 for each group). The percent weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and average daily gain (ADG) showed significant quadratic response to dietary protein level with the highest values observed in the T4 group. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) showed significant quadratic response to the dietary protein level, with the highest efficiency in the T3 and T4 groups. Crude protein and most amino acid levels increased with increasing dietary protein. The optimum dietary protein level for tested parameters of this species amounted to 41-45%. However, WG, SGR, ADG, FCR and FI showed subtle and/or insignificant differences between the dietary protein levels of 35.39 and 45.88% (T2–T4 groups). These results suggest that diets containing ~35% protein can be a practical and cost-effective option for rearing juvenile spotted scat.
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Effects of Diet Supplemented with Morinda citrifolia Fermented Extract on the Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Ratio of Oreochromis niloticus
(2022-04-01)
Pisuttharachai, Duangjai
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Lerdsuwan, Saichon
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Sangkhonkhet, Nataporn
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Nalinanon, Warrapong
The use of additives in feeds to promote the growth of farmed fish has been rapidly expanding; among these are supplements derived from indigenous plants. Here, we analyzed the effects of satiation feeding of diet supplemented with noni (Morinda citrifolia) fermented extract on the feeding rate, growth performance and feed conversion ratio of Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish with an initial average weight of 2.83 ± 0.01 g were fed with diets supplemented with noni fermented extract at 0 (control), 100-, 200-and 300-ml kg-1 for 12 weeks. Subsequent results showed that growth rate was correlated with or dependent on the concentration of noni fermented extract in the diet. The best result for growth performance, such as weight gain, average daily growth rate and specific growth rate, was found in a fish-fed diet supplemented with noni fermented extract at 200 ml kg-1. However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) is still higher than the control. The high FCR compared to control may be due to the anthraquinone in noni fermented extract, which decreases nutrient absorption. Fish fed with a 300 ml kg-1 noni fermented extract supplemented diet was the lowest growth performance and highest in FCR, suggesting that concentrations over 200 ml kg-1 might be detrimental to fish. Taken together, noni fermented extract can be a natural source of feed supplement to improve fish growth performance and may act as an appetite stimulant. However, due to its laxative effect, noni fermented extract supplementation should be given at appropriate levels and effective feeding management.
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Effect of compensatory growth on performance, carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs
(2011-05-01)
Chaosap, C.
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Parr, T.
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Wiseman, J.
A total of 48 female pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc cross) were used to determine whether a compensatory feed regime influenced performance, carcass composition and the level of plasma IGF-1. Pigs of initial age 73 days were fed a commercial diet at 0.70 of ad libitum (R) for 40 days followed by a return to ad libitum feeding for a further 42 days. The control group was fed ad libitum (A) throughout. Groups of animals on R and A feed regimes were slaughtered at the end of restriction period (SL1), 2 days after refeeding ad libitum (SL2) to establish the more immediate effects of refeeding on IGF levels, and after 42 days refeeding (SL3; n = 8 for each group). As expected, during the restriction period, average daily live weight gain in all the slaughter groups of R pigs was significantly lower than A pigs (P < 0.01); there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratios. In the re-alimentation period of SL3, R pigs grew 12.9% faster (P = 0.033), indicating compensatory growth. At SL1, there was a trend for carcass weight (P = 0.108) of A pigs to be higher than R pigs, but at SL2 live weight and carcass weight of A pigs were significantly heavier than R pigs (P < 0.05), but not at SL3. For killing-out percentage, there was no difference in SL1. After refeeding for 2 days (SL2) and 42 days (SL3), R pigs had significantly lower killing-out percentage than A pigs (P < 0.05). As a proportion of live weight, R pigs had smaller heart, kidney and liver (P < 0.05) than A pigs at SL1. At SL2, only the kidney was smaller in the restricted group (P < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in SL3. As a proportion of carcass weight, Longissimus dorsi was heavier in the R pigs at SL1 (P = 0.108) and SL2 (P < 0.05), but not at SL3. At SL1, there was a trend for intramuscular fat of A pigs to be higher than R pigs. The plasma IGF-1 level was lower in R pigs than A pigs (P = 0.010) at SL1, and slightly lower at SL2 (P = 0.110), with no significant differences at SL3. Dietary restriction period influenced plasma IGF-1 levels, which returned to the ad libitum group levels when animals were refed, as did live weight and carcass weight. It appears that the internal organs and possibly fat, but not muscles, underwent a compensatory response when animals were refed. Copyright © 2010 The Animal Consortium.

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