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    Myosin heavy chain isoforms expression, calpain system and quality characteristics of different muscles in goats
    (2020-08-15) ;
    Sitthigripong, Ronachai
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    Pungsuk, Apichaya
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    Adeyemi, Kazeem D.
    Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in goat muscles and their possible relationships with meat quality have not been fully elucidated. This study characterized the MHC isoforms in different caprine muscles using sodium dodecyl sulphate glycerol gel electrophoresis (SDS-GGE). The relationships between MHC isoforms, calpain systems and meat quality characteristics of different muscles in goats were examined. Four muscles, namely infraspinatus (IF), longissimus dorsi (LD), psoas major (PM) and supraspinatus (SS) were obtained from ten Boer crossbred bucks (7–10 months old; 26.5 ± 3.5 kg, BW). The percentages of MHC I, MHC IIa and MHC IIx in SS, IF, PM and LD were 47.2, 38.3, 32.1, 11.9; 28.0, 42.1, 33.0, 36.4; and 24.8, 19.6, 34.9 and 51.7, respectively. IF and SS had higher levels of calpastatin, total collagen and insoluble collagen contents than did PM and LD. PM had longer sarcomere length than did other muscles. LD had higher collagen solubility, troponin-T degradation products and glycogen content than did other muscles. These results infer that variable fiber-type composition could account partially for the differences in the physicochemical properties of goat muscles.
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    Thymol-carvacrol supplementation in broilers: impact on performance, blood biomarkers, and gut health
    (2025-03-01)
    Tiyaprasertkul, P.
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    Phungkeha, P.
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    Philatha, A.
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    Rassmidatta, K.
    The stress conditions are induced by a high-dose live coccidiosis vaccine, and thymol-carvacrol supplementation in broilers were significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the starter and grower phases as compared to the negative control. In contrast, antibiotic supplementation resulted in better growth performance throughout the rearing period. In addition, antibiotic supplementation lowered serum levels of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17), with thymol-carvacrol supplementation showing comparable but less pronounced effects, followed by the negative control. In addition, antibiotic supplementation improved intestinal morphology as evidenced by the decreased crypt depth and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, followed by thymol-carvacrol supplementation compared to the non-supplemented groups. These results suggest that thymol-carvacrol supplementation can improve the gut health and performance of broilers under stress conditions.
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    Data-driven insights into pre-slaughter mortality: Machine learning for predicting high dead on arrival in meat-type ducks
    (2025-01-01)
    Jainonthee, Chalita
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    Sanwisate, Phutsadee
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    Mektrirat, Raktham
    Dead on arrival (DOA) refers to animals, particularly poultry, that die during the pre-slaughter phase. Elevated rates of DOA frequently signify substandard welfare conditions and might stem from multiple causes, resulting in diminished productivity and economic losses. This study included 18,643 truckload entries from 45 farms, encompassing a total of 23,191,809 meat-type ducks sent to a single slaughterhouse in Eastern Thailand between January 2019 and December 2023. The objective of this study was twofold: first, to classify high DOA rates (≥ 0.15%) using several predictors, including season, period of the day, number of ducks per truckload, distance, duration of transportation, age, average body weight, lairage time, and temperature at the lairage area. This classification was performed using machine learning (ML) algorithms such as Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forests (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Additionally, several data-sampling techniques, including oversampling, undersampling, Random Over-Sampling Examples (ROSE), and Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), were utilized to address the issue of imbalanced data. Second, to analyze variable importance contributing to the predictive outcomes. The descriptive analysis revealed a mean DOA percentage of 0.14% (range: 0 to 22.46%, SD = 0.49). The results of the high DOA classification indicated that among all models, XGBoost-Up, XGBoost-Down, and RF-Down were the top three models, achieving the highest overall scores in evaluation metrics including Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC), sensitivity, precision, and F1-score. The primary factors contributing to the high predictive performance of the models were the number of ducks per truckload, temperature at the lairage area, and average body weight. Additionally, the duration and distance of transportation, as well as the period of transportation, were secondary factors contributing to the outcome. These factors should be further investigated to minimize losses during the pre-slaughter phase in meat-type ducks. Additionally, considering these factors when managing transportation can help create conditions that reduce duck deaths.
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    Effect of microencapsulated organic acids-essential oils blend and protease on performance and gut health of broilers under nutritional challenges
    (2025-01-01)
    Preesong, Pattaveekan
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    Lertwatcharasarakul, Preeda
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    Pongmanee, Koonphol
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    Seemacharoensri, Akaradet
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    Tactacan, Glenmer Bathan
    This study examined the effects of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils (EOA) combined with a protease (PRO) supplement on the growth performance and gut health of broilers subjected to nutritional challenges through a diet high in wheat and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The treatments were: 1) corn and soybean meal-based diet with high levels of wheat and corn DDGS (WD); 2) WD+microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils at 300 mg/kg (EOA); 3) WD+PRO at 125 mg/kg (PRO); and 4) WD+EOA at 300 mg/kg+PRO at 125 mg/kg (EOA+PRO). Body weight gain, feed intake and mortality rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio from day 1-35 was lower in the EOA+PRO group than in the WD group (p < 0.05). The EOA+PRO group had a lower jejunal crypt depth (CD) and a higher villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio than the other groups (p < 0.01). The putrescine level was higher in the WD group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). On day 35, the EOA and EOA+PRO groups had higher claudin-1 mRNA expression than the WD and PRO groups (p < 0.01). Occludin mRNA expression was higher in the EOA and PRO groups than in the WD group (p < 0.01). In summary, the combination of EOA and PRO improved feed efficiency and gut health in broilers fed a high wheat and corn DDGS diet. This was demonstrated by decreased jejunal CD, increased VH/CD ratio, increased mRNA expression of claudin-1 at the tight junction and decreased putrescine content in the hindgut, suggesting an indirect effect on pathogenic bacteria.
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    Meat Characteristics, Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain and Metabolism-Related Genes in Thai Native Pigs
    (2024-05-01) ;
    Chaweewan, Kamon
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    Adeyemi, Kazeem D.
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    Phonkate, Netanong
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    Sitthigripong, Ronachai
    This study investigated the meat quality, expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and metabolism-related genes, ribonucleotides and fatty acids in Longissimus thoracis of Thai native pigs (TNPs) from different geographical regions (GR). Forty-one 9–10-month-old castrated TNPs (BW 60 kg), consisting of 18, 11 and 12 pigs from Northern (NT), Southern (ST) and Northeastern (NE) regions, respectively, were slaughtered. GR did not affect (p > 0.05) the expression of MyHC, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase 1 and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein genes. The trend of MyHC was MyHC IIx > MyHC IIb > MyHC IIa > MyHC I. The NT loin had higher (p < 0.05) glycogen, C18:2n6, C20:4n6 and cooking loss, lower inosine, inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine and a shorter sarcomere length than the ST and NE loins. The ST loin had a lower (p < 0.05) a* compared to other loins. Principal component analysis established significant relationships between the TNP and specific meat quality traits. This finding suggests that GR affected the meat quality, ribonucleotides and selected fatty acids in TNPs. These results provide relevant information that can be used to optimize the use of Thai native pork.
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    The effect of different forms of selenium on fatty acid composition in broiler meat
    (2018-12-01)
    Hiranon, N.
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    The effects of selenium (Se) in diets on fatty acid composition, lipid indices, and enzyme indexes for desaturase, elongase, and thioesterase in Pectoralis muscle of broiler chicken were investigated. A total of 360 one-day-old chicks (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates, giving 30 birds per replicate. The birds were fed ad libitum in 3 feed phases of giving 2 dietary treatments comprised 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se from sodium selenite (Na-Se) and 0.3 ppm of organic Se from Zn-L-selenomethionine (Zn-L-SeMet). At 39 days of age, one bird from each treatment was randomly selected and slaughtered. Pectoralis muscles were collected and stored at -40 °C before fatty acid composition analysis. There were not significantly different between organic and inorganic selenium treatment on fatty acid composition, lipid indices, and enzyme indexes (P>0.05). However, the results demonstrated that Zn-L-SeMet had slightly lower I/A (6.7%) while had higher h/H (4.4%) and MUFA (8%) than Na-Se.
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    Effects of different starch sources in concentrates on meat characteristics, nutrient composition, and collagen solubility of dairy steers
    (2022-01-01)
    Sahatsanon, K.
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    Sawanon, S.
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    Setakul, J.
    The influences of three different starch sources in concentrates - ground corn (CO), ground cassava (CA), and pineapple stem starch (PI) formulated as a 40% in concentrate - on meat quality, texture profile, nutrient composition, and collagen solubility of the Longissimus thoracis (LT) of dairy steers were investigated. Meat quality and texture profile did not differ significantly between treatments (P>0.05). Nutrient composition did not differ between treatments except that ash content of PI was higher than the other treatments (P<0.05). Starch sources had no effect on collagen content and solubility in LT muscle. Based on the results of this study, pineapple stem starch can be used as an alternative energy source in concentrates without negative effects on meat characteristics.
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    Effect of compensatory growth on performance, carcass composition and plasma IGF-1 in grower finisher pigs
    (2011-05-01) ;
    Parr, T.
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    Wiseman, J.
    A total of 48 female pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc cross) were used to determine whether a compensatory feed regime influenced performance, carcass composition and the level of plasma IGF-1. Pigs of initial age 73 days were fed a commercial diet at 0.70 of ad libitum (R) for 40 days followed by a return to ad libitum feeding for a further 42 days. The control group was fed ad libitum (A) throughout. Groups of animals on R and A feed regimes were slaughtered at the end of restriction period (SL1), 2 days after refeeding ad libitum (SL2) to establish the more immediate effects of refeeding on IGF levels, and after 42 days refeeding (SL3; n = 8 for each group). As expected, during the restriction period, average daily live weight gain in all the slaughter groups of R pigs was significantly lower than A pigs (P < 0.01); there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratios. In the re-alimentation period of SL3, R pigs grew 12.9% faster (P = 0.033), indicating compensatory growth. At SL1, there was a trend for carcass weight (P = 0.108) of A pigs to be higher than R pigs, but at SL2 live weight and carcass weight of A pigs were significantly heavier than R pigs (P < 0.05), but not at SL3. For killing-out percentage, there was no difference in SL1. After refeeding for 2 days (SL2) and 42 days (SL3), R pigs had significantly lower killing-out percentage than A pigs (P < 0.05). As a proportion of live weight, R pigs had smaller heart, kidney and liver (P < 0.05) than A pigs at SL1. At SL2, only the kidney was smaller in the restricted group (P < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in SL3. As a proportion of carcass weight, Longissimus dorsi was heavier in the R pigs at SL1 (P = 0.108) and SL2 (P < 0.05), but not at SL3. At SL1, there was a trend for intramuscular fat of A pigs to be higher than R pigs. The plasma IGF-1 level was lower in R pigs than A pigs (P = 0.010) at SL1, and slightly lower at SL2 (P = 0.110), with no significant differences at SL3. Dietary restriction period influenced plasma IGF-1 levels, which returned to the ad libitum group levels when animals were refed, as did live weight and carcass weight. It appears that the internal organs and possibly fat, but not muscles, underwent a compensatory response when animals were refed. Copyright © 2010 The Animal Consortium.
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    Preslaughter handling factors affecting dead on arrival, condemnations, and bruising in broiler chickens raised without an antibiotic program
    (2023-08-01)
    Pirompud, Pranee
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    Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak
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    In Thailand, knowledge about the factors affecting broiler losses during the preslaughter process is very limited, especially for broilers raised without an antibiotic program. The objective of this study was to determine the preslaughter factors that influence the incidence of dead on arrival (DOA), condemnations, and bruising in broilers raised without antibiotics. Data from 13,581 truckloads of broilers raised without an antibiotic program in 95 contract farms of one of Thailand's largest broiler producers in 2021 were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model that accounted for farm as a random effect. Results showed that the following risk factors were associated with the occurrence of DOA, condemnations, and bruising: season, time of transport, sex, age at slaughter, mortality and culling rate, and weight per crate. While mean body weight affected the incidence of condemnations and bruising, transport time and lairage time affected DOA and bruising. Feed withdrawal time affected DOA and condemnations. Rearing stocking density only affected condemnation rate. Reducing or eliminating the effects of these risk factors could reduce production losses due to DOA, condemnations, and bruising, thereby improving animal welfare and producer profitability. Reducing weight per crate could reduce DOA, condemnations, and bruising. Reducing lairage time could reduce DOA and bruising, while reducing feed withdrawal time could reduce DOA and condemnations. Raising broilers at a younger age with a lower slaughter weight could prevent the occurrence of DOA, condemnations, and bruising.
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    Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on productive performance, pectoral myopathies, and meat quality of broiler chickens
    (2021-11-01)
    Khalil, Shady
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    Saenbungkhor, Nualprae
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    Kesnava, Kajorn
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    Sitthigripong, Ronachai
    The effects of guanidinoacteic acid (GAA) supplementation on productive performance, pectoral myopathies, and meat quality of broilers were studied. Treatments consisted of corn/soybean-based diets with a GAA supplement (0%, 0.06%, and 0.12%). A total of 546 one-day-old Ross-308 males were randomly allocated to 42 floor pens with 14 replicates (13 birds/pens) for each treatment. The results showed that GAA at doses of 0.06% and 0.12% improved feed conversion, increased the percentage of normal breast, and decreased the severity of wooden breast. Breast muscle myopathy severity was positively correlated with heavy birds and negatively correlated with breast muscle creatine and glycogen. Breast muscle creatine and glycogen correlated positively with normal, less severe pectoral myopathies and meat quality. In conclusion, GAA supplementation improved broiler performance without exacerbating pectoral myopathy or affecting meat quality.