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    Decadal and seasonal oceanographic trends influenced by climate changes in the Gulf of Thailand
    (2025-06-01)
    Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin
    ;
    Ghazali, Muhammad
    ;
    Simanjuntak, Andrean V.H.
    ;
    Riama, Nelly F.
    ;
    Pasma, Gumilang R.
    Our study investigates the decadal and seasonal variability of sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Thailand (GoT) using data from CMEMS from 1993 to 2021. We employed statistical analyses utilizing GLM and GAM to assess the variables comprehensively. The reveals a significant upward trend in SSH, increasing from ∼0.79 m in 1993–1998 to ∼0.89 m in 2017–2021, highlighting the impacts of climate change. SST analysis revealed fluctuations, with a maximum reaching ∼30.6 °C in 2019–2020, correlating with climatic events such as El Niño. Our study results at station 1 (near Bangkok) showed that the average SSH in 1998 during strong El Niño years was equal to 0.82 m, while the maximum SST was equal to 29.89 °C. Seasonal patterns indicated SSH peaks in DJF and SON at ∼0.92 m, while SST peaked in spring MAM and summer JJA at ∼30.7 °C. Volume transport analysis showed significant variability, with 0.3634 Sv (0–55 m) at longitude 99°E-107° E and latitude 6° N, indicating complex circulation patterns influenced by bathymetry and wind. Time series analysis revealed an average SSH increase of 0.0038 m/year, with a high pseudo-R-squared of 0.99. Our findings underscore the critical influence of climate variability on oceanographic conditions in the GoT, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring to address the implications of rising sea levels and temperature fluctuations. In conjunction with increased SSH, the rising SST heightens the risk of flooding in low-lying areas, exacerbating vulnerabilities for local populations and necessitating adaptive management strategies to mitigate these impacts.
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    Indonesian Throughflow, spatial–temporal variability, and its relationship to ENSO events in the Lombok Strait
    (2025-03-01)
    Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin
    ;
    Situmorang, Edriyan
    ;
    Simanjuntak, Andrean V.H.
    ;
    Riama, Nelly F.
    ;
    Pasma, Gumilang R.
    Understanding the interactions between ocean currents and climate variability is crucial for predicting future oceanic and climatic shifts in the Lombok Strait and beyond. Our study examines the Lombok Strait from 2013 to 2018, focusing on the impact of interannual and seasonal variability driven by climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our findings reveal significant fluctuations in oceanographic parameters, including temperature, salinity, and ocean currents. The lowest recorded temperature was ∼27.2 °C, and the minimum salinity was ∼32.3 psu, linked to the strong El Niño event in 2015, which altered local rainfall and evaporation patterns. Analysis of meridional and zonal velocities showed enhanced water flow, with maximum meridional velocities reaching around ∼0.04 m/s and zonal velocities peaking at ∼0.18 m/s in early 2018. Seasonal variations in sea surface height show higher values during warmer months, reflecting the influence of ENSO phenomena. The vertical distribution of salinity indicated stratification, with values ranging from ∼27.5 psu to ∼34.0 psu across different depths, corresponding to water density ranging from 22.50 σ<inf>θ</inf> to 24.0 σ<inf>θ</inf>, highlighting the interaction between Pacific and Indian Ocean waters. Water mass transport averages at 100 m and 200 m show values of −1.21 ± 0.97 Sv and −1.350 ± 1.069 Sv, with the lowest transport occurring during the summer at −1.97 Sv with a depth range of 0–100 m, suggesting robust outflow. Our findings underscore the critical role of the ITF in shaping regional oceanographic conditions and their implications for global climate dynamics.